WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 497 



abnormal interruption of the city's activities during the progress of the epidemic, 

 except such as resulted from the taking off of certain trains from the railroads 

 leaving the city. I had been assured by letters from New Orleans experts as 

 early as September 2^ that mosquitoes had virtually been exterminated in the 

 city, yet, after I registered at the St. Charles Hotel and went to the telegraph 

 stand to send a despatch, two mosquitoes buzzed about my ear and were rec- 

 ognized as Ciile.r pipiens. On retiring, I found that the room was screened with 

 very perfect window screens, and there was a tight-fitting door-screen as well, 

 outside the ordinary door. The porter stated that the hotel had been fumigated 

 thoroughly in August and that no mosquitoes had been found in bedrooms since. 

 Therefore I did not let down my mosquito bar, but was awakened in the middle 

 of the night by the buzzing and the bites of two or more mosquitoes. Burning 

 Pyrethrum, I stupefied them, and found in the morning that they were Culex 

 pipiens. 



During the three days in New Orleans I saw but one specimen of Stcgomyia 

 calopus, and that was in the office of the President of Tulane University on 

 the morning of November 8, about lo o'clock. I readily recognized it as it flew 

 before my face. 



I talked with Dr. H. A. Veazie, who reiterated all of the statements made 

 to me in recent correspondence from him, and on the morning of the 8th I took 

 part in the fumigation of a room containing about 1200 feet of space with the 

 new Culicide, composed of equal parts of carbolic acid and camphor. The fumes 

 are rather agreeable at first, but soon become so strong as to almost stifle one. 

 Dr. J. H. White, in charge of the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service 

 operations in New Orleans from August 12 to date. Dr. Rupert Blue, Doctor 

 Richardson, and six or seven other assistant surgeons in the Service were 

 present. A number of specimens of Culex pipiens were flying in the room ; 

 there were two boxes, each about a foot long, with gauze sides, containing a 

 half dozen or more mosquitoes each ; and a large tube of two inches diameter 

 and possibly a foot and a half in length, the mouth of which was covered with 

 mosquito bar, and which lay on its side on the mantel-piece, and contained 

 several specimens of Culex pipiens. About six ounces of the mixture were 

 volatilized by heat, and the room was kept closed, but without any effort to 

 artificially stop cracks, for exactly one hour. On reentering and airing the room, 

 all mosquitoes were found to be dead, and a cockroach was also found dead on 

 the floor, having come up from between the cracks. The vapor is lighter than 

 air, and the mosquitoes in the room, unnoticed on entrance, soon after fumiga- 

 tion sought the lower air strata of the room, gradually descending toward the 

 floor and towards the windows which were on one side of the room only. Sheets 

 of manila paper had been spread before each window, and on these sheets, at 

 the end of the hour, were all of the mosquitoes to be found in the room. No 

 observations were made to determine whether the mosquitoes revived as happens 

 with Pyrethrum fumigation. 



I took photographs of the house in which the first case of yellow fever was 

 found in the early summer, and of the first emergency hospital, showing in both 

 cases the method of sealing doors and windows with strips of paper pasted over 

 the cracks; also of St. Philip Street, Chartres Street, and other similar streets 

 in the Italian and French quarters, indicating the character of the residences 

 and shops ; also of the street gutters in many of which the water was flowing 

 rather rapidly and in others remained stagnant. 



