WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 519 



that he had introduced Rhizobius loplmnthae, R. vcntralis, and Orcus 

 chalyhaciis. These are all Australian species that Koebele had sent 

 to California, and Silvestri introduced them into Italy to prey upon 

 Chrysomphalus scales. He also introduced the ladybird Hippodaniia 

 convcrgcns from the United States as an enemy of plant-lice. 



Silvestri had at that time been on a trip for the Hawaiian Govern- 

 ment, and in Africa he had found Galcsus silvestrii Kief, and Dirhinus 

 (jiffardii Silv. and had introduced them into Hawaii against the fruit- 

 fly. He also introduced both species into Italy for the same purpose 

 and found that they bred in the olive fly. 



In 1914 Silvestri went to Eritrae tO' collect parasites of the olive 

 fly. He found that this fly is subject to natural control in Eritrae and 

 that insects are an important factor. He found several species of 

 Braconids and Ichneumonids, and a number of them were brought 

 back to Italy. 



In 19 16 Berlese and Paoli reported upon and described Prospal- 

 tclla lounsburyi, a native of Madeira, sent to them by Prof. C. P. 

 Lounsbury, which attacks Chrysomphalus dictyospcrmi. (In 1920 

 Paoli and Masi showed me this parasite at Genoa and indicated the 

 characters separating it from my P. bcrlcsci. I think it a sound 

 species.) 



In 1917 an agreement was made between the Italian Ministry of 

 the Colonies and the Italian National Society of Olive Growers 

 whereby a collection of Optus concolor, an important parasite of the 

 olive fly, was made in Tripoli. Some of these were sent to Silvestri's 

 laboratory at Portici for breeding, and over 3,000 individuals were 

 released in the winter of 1917-18. 



I am sure that the indefatigable Silvestri has made other importa- 

 tions of beneficial insects into Italy, but I have seen no record of them. 



JAPAN 



I have seen no account in English of the appearance of Icerya in 

 Japan before 191 1. In the Bulletin of Plant Pathology and Injurious 

 Insects of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce at Tokyo 

 for November 25, 191 7, is an unsigned article stating that Icerya 

 appeared in the prefecture of Shizuoka in 191 1. The ladybird Novius 

 was soon introduced and was carefully studied. The success of the 

 importation was marked. The anonymous author makes the state- 

 ment that the Novius also fed upon Icerya scychcllarum and Mono- 

 phlcbiis corpulcnta in Japan. This is interesting, since the famous 

 Australian ladybird is usually said to be monophagic. 



