28 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 8l 



that six species of fossil penguins were found in Graham Land by 

 the Swedish Antarctic Expedition. In this connection note also that 

 fossil Spheniscidae are known from New Zealand and Patagonia. 

 Reptiles 



Giant tortoises in Galapagos Islands and in Malaysia. 

 Amphibia 

 Anura 



Leptodactylidae (southern frogs) in South America, Central America, 



West Indies, Australia, Tasmania, Papua, South Africa. 

 Hylidae (tree frogs) in America (mostly tropical America), Australia, 

 Tasmania, Papuasia, i species with several subspecies in Euro-Asia. 

 Pipidae (Surinam toad, etc.) in Guiana and South Africa. 

 Archaic Bufonidae, of other genera than Bufo, in Australia, north- 

 western South America, Central America, tropical Africa, southern 

 India, Ceylon, Malaysia. 

 Gastrophrynidae, in Papuasia, tropical America, x^frica, Madagascar, 



southern India, Ceylon, Siam.* 

 Dendrobatinae in northwestern South America, southern Central Amer- 

 ica, western Africa, Madagascar. 

 Urodeles 



Coeciliadae (blindworms) in tropical America, tropical Africa, southern 

 India, Ceylon, western Malaysia. 

 Freshwater fishes 



Ciclilidae in tropical South America, Central America, Cuba, Africa, Mada- 

 gascar, southern India, Ceylon. 

 Characinidae in tropical America and tropical Africa. 



Galaxiidae in New Zealand, Australia, South America, the Falkland Islands, 

 southern Africa. The genus Galaxias occurs in New Zealand, 

 Tasmania, southern Australia, the southern extremity of South 

 America, the Falkland Islands. 

 Osteoglossidae in South America and South Africa. 

 Haplochitonidae in South America and South Africa. 

 Dipnoi (lung fishes) in South .'\merica, tropical Africa, Australia. 

 Molluscs 



Tertiary fossil species common to New Zealand and South America are 

 named by Chilton (1909) as follows: Epitoniuni rugulosum lyra- 

 tuni, Crepiditla gregaria, TuritcUa ambulacrum, Cucullaea alia, 

 Venericardia patagonica, Brachydontes magellanica. This com- 

 munity of species is of much interest and suggests a review of 

 modern littoral mollusca and their parasites from the two regions. 

 Arthropods 

 Insects 



Ants — Notomynncs in New Zealand and Cliili, Prolasius in New Zea- 

 land and its close relatives, Acanthoponcra and Lasiopharcs, in 

 South America. The following annotation from Emery (1895) 

 is worth noting : 



Chili is, however, an isolated country, which we may call " a con- 

 tinental island," although it is not surrounded by water. If we should 

 take the Chilian fauna as a standard for the primitive fauna of 



^ The report of a gastrophrynid from Samoa is questioned. 



