NO. 8 PARASITES METCALF 33 



and the middle portion of Central America where the mountain ranges 

 have an east and west trend. Upon the American portion of this 

 circLimpacific land strip is a very interesting relict fauna and flora 

 including, to name but a very few, the bell-toad Ascaphns (an immi- 

 grant from Euro-Asia who brought with him his characteristic Euro- 

 Asian bell-toad parasite, Protoopalina, of an ancient subgenus) and a 

 number of plants, conspicuous among which are several pines — the 

 Monterey Pine, the Torrey Pine, Pinus jeffreyi. Study of these 

 western relict pines and their rust and other parasites and comparison 

 with East Asian pines and their parasites might prove of much im- 

 portance. We should remember, too, that the Peridermiums of pines 

 produce lesions which should be recognizable if preserved as fossils. 



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