NO. 15 ARTHROPOD HOSTS OF HELMINTHS HALL 47 



ACUARIIDAE 



In the A> uariidae, we are dealing with bird parasites. Of the two 

 worm species involved, one is a parasite of water birds, Anseriformes, 

 and it is not surprising to find that this worm, Echimiria uncinata, 

 uses Cladocera as its intermediate hosts, the one known intermediate 

 host being Daphnia pulex. The other worm is a parasite of land 

 birds, Galliformes and Columbi formes, and utilizes an isopod, Por- 

 cellio laevis. [Cram has since found grasshoppers to be intermediate 

 hosts for Acuariidae of terrestrial birds.] 



TETRAMERIDAE 



In the Tetrameridae we are again dealing with bird parasites, and 

 here again the intermediate hosts are Entomostraca, a cladoceran, 

 Daphnia pulex, and an amphipod, Gamnmrus pulex. The one worm 

 for which we know the life history, Tetrameres Ussispim, is usually 

 and normally a parasite of water birds, Anseriformes, and its occur- 

 rence in land birds must be regarded as following from the accidental 

 swallowing of the infected entomostracans while drinking, whereas 

 in water birds we are dealing with a dependable arrangement, from 

 the standpoint of the parasite, based on Entomostraca in the double 

 role of food for the primary host and of secondary host for the 

 worm. [Cram has recently found grasshoppers serving as inter- 

 mediate host of tetramerids of terrestrial birds.] 



CUCULLANIDAE 



For the one cucullanid with a known life history, a f^sh nematode, 

 copepods and aquatic isopods serve as intermediate hosts, the hosts 

 also serving as food for fish. 



CAMALLANIDAE 



For the two camallanids with known life histories, one a f^sh 

 nematode and one a turtle nematode, copepods are hosts for both and 

 dragonflies also serve as hosts for one. These hosts are also food for 

 the primary hosts. 



HEDRURIDAE 



Of two species of hedrurids, parasitic in reptiles, amphibians and 

 fish, one uses aquatic isopods and one amphipods as mtermediate 



hosts. . . 



The foregoing families are regarded by many parasitologists as 

 part of the superfamily Spiruroidea, and in this superfamily the life 

 history is usually one in which the transfer of the larval nematode to 

 the primary host is accomplished when this host swallows the sec- 



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