THE STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS, A 



CONTINUATION OF EXPERIMENTS 



WITH IONIZED AIR. 



By Cakl Bakus, 



HAZARD PROFESSOR OF PliySICS AT BROWN UNIVERSITY. 



CHAPTER I. 



ON THE EFFECT OF TEJIPEKATUKE AND OF MOIiSTURE ON THE EMANATION OF I^HOSPHORUS, 

 AND ON A DISTINCTION IN THE BEHAVIOR OF NtJOLEI AND OF IONS. 



INTRODUCTION. 



1. Object, etc. — Endeavoring to differentiate the properties of the nucleus and 

 the ion, it occurred to lae that the effects of temperature, when worked out simul- 

 taneously by the volumetric and by the electrical methods, would probably present 

 a contrast. If the two functions relating to condensation and to electrical conduc- 

 tion ai'e different, then their thermal variations are not likely to be the same. The 

 temperature which insures the maximum production does not also necessarily insure 

 maximum instability. The results of the following paper bear out this surmise. 



Again, if phosphorus is to be used as an ionizer, some definite knowledge as to 

 the cause of its varial)le intensity is essential fi'om a practical point of view. The 

 substance is so remarkal)ly adapted foi' the purpose in many ways, that the endeavor 

 to put it in contiol cjuantitatively is well worth while. This too, I think, has been 

 accomplished. 



Finally, I liave shown that the low number of ions {n = 8x10^ i)er cubic centim.) 

 in the saturated phosphorus emanation, found from the experiments with the tubu- 

 lar condensei-, is due to non-satui-ation. I have been able to nearly double this 

 number, putting these results in accord with the data of plate and sphei-ical 

 condensers. Incidentally, certain curious conditions under which the emanation 

 produces permanent conduction in the condenser are identified with the occurrence 

 of traces of moisture. This behavioi- so closely resembles the effects of radio-activity 



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