10 THE STItUCTL'RE OF THE NUCLEUS. 



If q be the charge, s the detlection, 6' the effective capacity, E the potential 

 difference, -1 the factor of the electrometer, Qz=uCAh\ i — (lQ/dt=CAds/dt, where 

 / is the radial current. Thus i/Q= (ds/(/t)/K 



For the initial cunents!, as alone measured in this paper, one may always 

 assume the simple exponential relation, 



Q=Q^s-'^'-''\ or .s= .Sof-^'-'°\ 

 where the subsciii)ts zero refer to the initial charges, deflections, temperatures, etc. 

 Hence, io/Qu = ("'•'*A''OoAo = " ''"-'^ ^" appropiiate variable for comparing the data. 

 This may also he computed as —x=d(\og s)/dt, but the ajjproximate method of 

 computing d>:/di from observations 15 seconds apart is more convenient. 



The values of x so found for dV/dt = Ab and =1.00 are given in the last 

 columns and make up the curves of the following and subsequent charts. 



The corrected values oi x = (ds/dt)Js„, when dV/dt is .45 and 1.00 liters per 

 minute, respectively, are given in the graph, figure 6. Different dots correspond 

 to different series. The curves are smoothei- than the uncorrected results would 

 have been, and the values for low efflux are naturally more certain. For apart 

 from instrumental difficulties, there is at high velocities a danger of interfering 

 with the tempei'ature of the ionizing phosphorus. Swift currents are not so easily 

 cooled in tlie water bath and intense action of the ionizer contributes its own tem- 

 perature error. In both curves the ccmduction of the insulators prevents the 

 curves from actually reaching the abscissa. 



12. Contrast v)ith color data. — The character of these curves may now be 

 examined in comparison with the color data of figures 3 and 4, the latter being 

 specially available. In both there is a rise of activity from about 9° through a maxi- 

 mum, and an eventual less pronounced decline of activity toward 35° ; but in their 

 details, the two sets of curves are very different. The nuclei of figure 3 are sud- 

 denly produced in maximum concentration at about IS" C, as shown by the 

 arrows c in figure (5 et seq. ; they then decline in number regularly and veiy 

 o-i-adually as far as observed. In figure 6, howevei", the ions show a gradual in- 

 crease of number, even as far as 20°, after which theii' number also falls off to the 

 limits of observation. 



One may argue, therefore, that tiie nuclei as first produced are Ijut weakly 

 ionized in spite of their maximum condensational activity. As temperature rises, 

 the latter property of the nucleus declines, liut tlie ionization increases as far 

 as about 20°. Thereafter both pi'operties decline. As the number of nuclei de- 

 creases from the reaction at 13- onward with increasing temperatuie, one may infer 

 that the ionization increases with temperature ; from another point of view, that 

 the ionization increases as the property of the nucleus to induce condensation 

 diminishes. It is then with the nearly non-ionized nucleus that the maximum of 

 condensational activity resides, just as if ionization were the result of a di.ssociation 

 or a disaggregation of the nucleus. If, however, the nucleus is a concentrated 

 solution as maintained below, then the critical density at which evaporation ceases, 

 /. e., the stable diameter of the nucleus will vary markedly with temperature. 

 Of. Chapter V, § 47. If now the properties of solutions in )-elation to Volta con- 



