INTRODUCTION. XV 



c. Capilale, where the outer joints are suddenly larger, forming 

 a compact rounded club; this leads gradually to the last type. 



4. Lamellale : lii this type the outer joints are prolonged ante- 

 riorly, opposing flat surfaces to each other, which may be brought 

 closely in contact, forming thus a transverse, or rarely rounded, 

 club, supported at one side by the stem of the antenute. This 



form obtains in all iScarabasidas. 



♦ 



Other modifications have been named, but, with the e.xception 

 of two, these have not been used in the present treatise. They 

 are, the irregular and capillary. The first name is applied to 

 those antennaj in which certain of the joints have an unusual or 

 extraordinary development, as in the Gyrinidge or Platypsyllidse; 

 when, however, the irregularity is sexual, as in the males of some 

 Meloe, the antennae are said to be deformed in that sex. The 

 capillary form is a modification of the clavate type, in which the 

 joints are long, slender, and hair-like, and very loosely articulated, 

 as in many Trichopterygid*, some Scaphidiida, and in Dasycerus. 

 In this form the joints are frequently surrounded at tip with a 

 circle of longer hairs, in which cat^e the antjcnna) are said to be 

 vei^ticellate. 



Antennae are called geniculate, when the second joint is affixed 

 so as to make an angle with the first; the following joints con- 

 tinuing in the line of the second. In this form the first or basal 

 joint is usually much longer, and is called the scape. When the 

 geniculate form is at the same time capitate, the joints interme- 

 diate between the scape and club are called the funicle. These 

 terms are used more especially in the llhynchophorous series, in 

 which the geniculate-clavate type is the most common form of 

 antennae. 



Mouth. — The mouth of Toleoptera is nmndil)nlate; that is to 

 say, it possesses two pairs of horizontally moving pie(;es Ibi* the 

 purpose of seizing the food. Above the mouth there is usually 

 a small piece, more or less transvei'se, articulating with the epi- 

 stoma, which is called the upper lip or labrum. 



The labrum is variable in form, and in nearly all the families 

 of normal Coleoptera is distinctly visible. It may, however, be 

 comi)kaely united with the epistoma, or retracted beneath it, and 

 thus entirely concealed. In the Ilhynchophora, excepting Khino- 

 macerida;, PlatypodintB, and Anthribidaj, the labrum is entirely 

 wantinsr. 



