WHOLE VOL. THE WEST INDIES— VAZQUEZ DE ESPINOSA 753 



1992. From the Rio de Maule it is 23 leagues to the Rio de Itata, 

 at 36° ; the coast runs SSW. To the port of La Herradura it is 

 3 leagues in the same direction. From La Herradura to the Bay of 

 Penco it is 4. There by the water's edge in the little Penco Valley 

 he founded the city of La Concepcion in the year 1545. It is suitable 

 country, prolific in crops, rich in gold and densely populated, although 

 most of the natives have disappeared in consequence of the continual 

 warfare. For the security of the residents of the new settlement 

 he provided it with a fort, since the natives were very warlike. This 

 was the way in which good Gov. Pedro de Valdivia sustained these 

 provinces which he had conquered and of which he had apportioned 

 out the natives to the residents of these three cities, from the year 

 1541, when he made his entry into the Kingdom, up to 1550; he 

 made some raids or malocas inland, and in this period he subdued 

 the intractable tribes of Arauco, Tucapel, Millarapue, Lebu, Payla- 

 taro, Pilmaiquen, Lincoya, Quiapo, and many other valiant and war- 

 like provinces ; subjected by the courage of the Spaniards, they were 

 already obedient to them and becoming more civilized. 



Chapter XVII 



How Gov. Pedro de Valdivia Explored and Subdued Many Other 

 Provinces and Established Some Cities in Them, 



1993. It was now 10 years since Gov. Pedro de Valdivia had 

 entered that warlike Kingdom, during all which time they had under- 

 gone and met with courage great trials and deprivations, in rags and 

 famished, but with weapons in their hands, subduing those indom- 

 itable tribes and having constant skirmishes with them until they 

 brought them under control. It now appeared to him that their 

 failure to subdue all the country in spite of his courage and the 

 efforts of his men, was damaging their reputation ; so early in the 

 year 1551 he set out with the men he had available, leaving the 

 cities fortified, and started exploring over the Angol plains, having 

 some brushes with the Indians, who had never been subjected and 

 so ill brooked the sight of strangers in their country, who would 

 like to reduce them to slavery. He defeated them in all the skirmishes, 

 and arrived at the Rio de Cautin, on whose banks and round about 

 there were large settlements ; he subdued those tribes and reduced 

 them to submission ; and since the country seemed suitable to him, 

 he founded and colonized La Imperial in the year 1551 and appor- 

 tioned among the settlers the land and over 200,000 Indians, so that 

 they might defend it with greater affection; and he built them the 

 4Q 



