WHOLE VOL. ARAUCANIAN CHILD LIFE — HILGER 39 



of a kuga name and a qualifying adjective, numeral, or other word, 

 more commonly prefixed to the kuga name (Cooper, 1946, p. 723). 

 Informants reasoned that if the kuga existed in the early days, it might 

 possibly exist today in what was known to them as the kunpem, since 

 kunpem meant a group of families related by blood ties, such as the 

 Lienlaf in Alepue and the Tripailef in Puringue ; but that not always 

 was the given name one compounded with the name of the kunpem. 

 "For example, in one family here [Alepue] brothers were named 

 Hualme, Marilaf, Manque, Pencru, Lefin, and Choswe, and their 

 sister's name was Cumitra. The relationship name — probably the 

 kunpem you are asking about — was Lienlaf — that is, they belonged to 

 the Lienlaf people in this area. I know it, because I belong to the 

 same family. These families go way back to the time before we fought 

 the Spanish. Today the names of these six brothers are surnames. 

 The children of each use their father's Mapuche name as their sur- 

 name. The brothers have all been baptized, and when they sign their 

 names now, they write their baptismal name first and add to it their 

 Mapuche given name, but not Lienlaf." 



For 700 families in PanguipuUi area, on the contrary, names contain 

 the word pan, an abbreviation of panui (lion). Among them are the 

 Kuripan (black lion), the Lionpan (light of sun lion), the Aillapan 

 (nine lions), the Kiilapan (three lions). The names of another group 

 of related famihes, also in Panguilpulli area, end in llaqka (blue stone 

 with magic). "My grandfather's name ended in llaqka. So did three 

 of his cousins whose names were Wenullaqka (power from above 

 blue stone with magic), Melillar)ka (four blue stones with magic), 

 and Rayenllaqka (flower blue stone with magic). Felix Jose (1907, 

 p. 30) lists as members of the kunpem of llaqka, which he translates 

 as finely colored bead, such names as Chiwaillaqka (foggy finely 

 colored bead), Pormallaqka (spotted finely colored bead), Ankall 

 (proud finely colored bead), Kufill (finely colored bead that warms), 

 and Mankell (finely colored bead of condor). Informants believed 

 the last three to have ended at one time in llaqka, also. (Cf. also 

 kuqa, under "Marriage," p. 129.) 



A non-Araucanian interpreter of PanguipuUi was bewildered at the 

 information regarding the kunpem. She had often attempted to trace 

 names in baptismal records for adult Araucanians who needed an 

 official statement of their ancestry in order to lay claim to land. Quot- 

 ing her : "It is impossible to do so. There is no similarity between the 

 names of parents, grandparents, or other relatives to indicate that they 

 are related to the child, or even to each other." A 70-year-old 

 Cofiaripe man was certain that similarity in names had nothing to do 



