WHOLE VOL. ARAUCANIAN CHILD LIFE — HILGER 9I 



curred." A PanguipuUi man, however, had heard old people say, when 

 the moon was being eclipsed, that an aramko, a large green-striped 

 toad, was swallowing up the moon. Aramko live in PanguipuUi area. 



DIRECTIONS 



Although the Araucanian language has words for north (piku), 

 east (tripawe antii), south (waiwen or williimapu), and west (koniiwe 

 antii), informants seldom used the words for east and west; anything 

 east was spoken of as being in the Cordillera ; anything west, as on or 

 at or near the coast (Pacific). North and south were used when 

 speaking of winds blowing from these directions : a north wind was 

 pikukiiraf ; a south wind, waiwenkiirgf ; but a wind from the east is 

 puelche kiiraf (wind from the Puelche, Araucanians living in Argen- 

 tina) or naqpa kiiraf (wind that comes from the heights, the Cordil- 

 lera) ; and a wind from the west is I'afken kiiraf (wind from the 

 ocean, the Pacific). 



Places in Alepue area were usually located by being spoken of as 

 being near a river, a ravine, a ruka of so-and-so, on a peninsula, or in 

 a certain valley ; those in Cofiaripe, as being over one or two mountain 

 ridges; in a certain valley where so-and-so lived; near or in the 

 araucaria groves; on a lake; or on the highway (recently built by a 

 Chilean- Argentine lumber company). 



SIGNALING 



A 100-year-old man had been told by his grandfather that he (the 

 grandfather) and other men had used the pifglka (whistle) (pi. 32, 

 2-4, 6; pp. 99, 146) to notify the Araucanians that the Spanish soldiers 

 were on the way and that the men were to assemble at certain previ- 

 ously designated places to defend themselves. In pre-Spanish days, and 

 ever since, the pifalka has been blown by individual men as they ride 

 horseback to the qillatun to let others know, thereby, that they are 

 already on their way. 



Alepue area fishermen, when on the Pacific, signal to each other, 

 when an unexpected fog or strong wind overtakes them, with a kull- 

 kull, a bugle made by cutting an inch off the pointed end of a cow's 

 horn or a seashell, or with a kuqkul, when no kuUkuU is available. 

 (Cf. p. 99 for the making of a kuqkul). The sounds of a cow's 

 horn carry farther than do those of a seashell. Every boat (there may 

 be as many as 20) knows the signal of every other boat, and everyone 

 knows who is in each boat. Everyone then counts the kullkull as they 

 are blown and will know if all boats are safe. If 20 boats are out and 



