194 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I33 



too poor to have one so ornamented. "A poor man might have only 

 a spur with a piece of metal, like a nail of today," said an old man. 

 "Every man had only one spur in those days. Why should he have 

 two? I remember those days." 



Today, heavy loads, such as flour or pelts, are often transported on 

 horseback, or if too bulky, are hauled by oxen, usually on carts. If 

 the load is transported by horse, either the man rides with the load 

 or puts it on the back of the horse and leads the animal by a halter. 

 Often a load is carried on a montura de cargo (saddle for a load) 

 which rests on the padded back of a pack horse. If the rider shares 

 the horse, the load is divided into equal portions and put into bags 

 woven for this purpose or into two wilal tied so they can be slung 

 across the horse's back behind the rider. Sometimes the load is trans- 

 ported in a sack placed back of the rider. Often a rider, in addition 

 to the load on his horse, carries a basket or wilal on his arm. 



Fish to be taken to a Chilean market are packed tightly in a large 

 oblong wilal or a large mesh bag, not unlike a net, between layers of 

 leaves and long grass and are placed on a pack horse with an equal 

 load on each side. The grass and leaves keep the heat of the sun from 

 penetrating. 



A heavy or clumsy load is hauled on a 2-wheeled cart by a pair of 

 oxen. (Cf, pis. 39, 5 ; 40, 2.) The loads I saw hauled in this manner 

 were stones, wheat, sacks of sugar, a quarter of beef, and cases of 

 soft drinks to be sold at a fiesta. A few families own no oxen and 

 must therefore borrow a pair for hauling. "If a man cannot afford 

 to own a horse, he most certainly cannot own an ox — an ox costs 

 about ten times the price of a horse, and one needs two oxen to 

 work one." 



Oxen are paired when hitched to the yoke for the first time and 

 remain so during their life. Each is also given a name on this occa- 

 sion, usually by the one who is doing the hitching. Should a new 

 owner not like a name that has been given the animal, he must change 

 it before the ox has become accustomed to being called by it. Names 

 of pairs of oxen in Alepue area were Bonito (pretty one) and Clavel 

 (spotted, red and white, like a carnation) ; Pinto and Pinado (both 

 were spotted and looked as if they had been painted) ; Figura (ill- 

 shaped one) and Paisano (fellow countryman) ; Anduviste (running 

 one) and Padeciendo (suffering one) ; Precioso (valuable one) and 

 Lucero (morning star) ; Clavel and Bandera (flag), Araucanians 

 call an ox manshun (from the Spanish manso) meaning quiet, meek, 

 and lamblike — qualities, the informant said, exemplified by an ox. 



Oxcarts are of wood, unless a man can afford wagon wheels and 



