354 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I33 



thus lessened, and pastures near the homesteads can grow to maturity 

 for winter grazing. Grazing in the higher valleys needs no lease, and 

 therefore no payment has to be made. Many homesteads are com- 

 pletely closed for the duration of summer grazing; in an occasional 

 household two persons, seldom three, are left to care for chickens and 

 other fow^l. In Quilaquina area on January 4 (1952) there was not 

 a 4-footed animal to be seen, and most homesteads looked deserted. 

 Each family, on return from summer grazing, brings with it as much 

 hay as it can haul. This is stored for winter forage, usually in shack- 

 like shelters. 



Wealth, in the early days, consisted of sheep and cattle ; in more 

 recent times, of horses also. Old informants spoke of large herds be- 

 longing to their families formerly. These were owned by the father. 

 Children owned no animals. The husband of a 70-year-old woman had 

 owned more than 100 horses, 60 cows, and several hundred sheep. 

 No one can lay claim to wealth today. Ownership of 4-footed animals 

 is now restricted by the Government — apportionment is per family, 

 not according to the size of the family. One of my informants owned 

 5 calves and a large number of turkeys, geese, ducks, and chickens; 

 another, 3 pairs of oxen, 5 horses, and several sheep ; another, "just 

 enough sheep for our meat supply" ; and still another, 4 oxen, 5 horses, 

 32 sheep, 13 geese, turkeys, and chickens. Several families were 

 raising doves for food. 



AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 



Wheat (kachilla) and corn (tapalwa) w-ere cultivated in the early 

 days ; wild quinoa and a species of wild barley (kawella) were col- 

 lected. Today, wheat, barley (now called kawella), and oats (huinca 

 kawella, barley of Whites) are raised by every family fortunate 

 enough to have a glade or some cleared land. Dung of sheep and goats 

 is utilized as fertilizer. In general, plowing is done with a wooden plow 

 drawn by a pair of oxen (pi. 75, /). Men scatter seed by hand while 

 walking across the fields. 



Usually grain stored for winter use is consumed before ears of 

 the newly planted grain have ripened. The first ripened ears of wheat 

 are stripped off their stalks by hand, "as we used to strip off wild grain 

 in the early days and all wheat before we had sickles," and are threshed 

 in a basket with the feet, as formerly. At harvest time the grain is 

 cut with a sickle and threshed by horses tramping on it in a fenced-in 

 circular area, known as lila (pi. 75, j). If the lila is small, 5 or 6 

 horses do the tramping; if much larger, as many as 10 or 12 are used. 



