368 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I33 



deposited under a large horizontally laid stone slab overgrown with 

 shrubs near Mamuil Malal. Kolupan thought that women had put 

 them there in the days when the Araucanians were being chased off 

 their lands, hoping to reclaim them sometime. "To make a good 

 cantaro is a great deal of work," he noted; "these women probably 

 thought of that when they hid them. Anyway, no one could have 

 carried much pottery when fleeing." 



Both metate and muller (kudi and humkudi) were of stone. The 

 metate was somewhat U-shaped ; the muller was slightly convex, and 

 had both ends extending sufficiently beyond the metate to enable the 

 woman to grasp them. "Obviously our people ground wheat or some 

 sort of grain years ago," said an 80-year-old woman, "for frequently 

 we find metates and mullers in graves and also on the surface of the 

 land. If we find them on the surface, we usually find ollas and 

 cantaros there also. Maybe these were the places from which our 

 people were driven by other people." 



Mortar and pestle, too, were of stone. They were used primarily 

 for mixing condiments, especially chili and salt. One mortar seen was 

 4^ inches high and approximately 5^ inches at greatest width. The 

 hole used for mixing is 2^ inches in diameter and 1^ inches deep. 



The lupe is a 4-cornered piece of pottery made expressly for toast- 

 ing grain. Bowls were made from pottery or were carved out of 

 wood. Thick soups and thin stews were eaten from them. "No spoons 

 were needed when we ate from bowls, for we drank the food directly 

 from the bowl." Plates were made of pottery or of colihiie bark. 

 When eating off plates, spoons were used. Foods that could be eaten 

 with fingers, such as roasts, were served in one large dish carved from 

 a tree trunk. "I still have one large dish that we used when I was a 

 child, and that my father made ; it is about so large [ 18 by 36 inches] ." 



Spoons used in eating were made by boiling horn of cattle until it 

 appeared white, when it was soft enough to be easily cut into any 

 shape desired. Large spoons used in stirring food in ollas and in 

 serving it were carved from wood of quebracho. "Alany Araucanians 

 are again making spoons of quebracho ; those metal spoons we buy in 

 the stores break at the junction of the handle and scoop." Knives, in 

 the early days, were made of quebracho also, "but they were too dull 

 to cut most things." 



Cups were made of pottery and of the head end section of horn of 

 cattle. The smaller opening of the horn was plugged with wood. A 

 horn cup used in Quilaquina (collection of Parque Nacional de Lanin, 

 specimen No. 100) is approximately 6 inches in height and 3^ inches 

 in diameter at the opening. An 88-year-old woman had made pottery 



