WHOLE VOL. ARAUCANIAN CHILD LIFE — HILGER 369 



cups for use at the rjillatun (1952) : some were 6-inch-high mug- 

 shaped ones, some were 4-inch-high cup-shaped ones with a handle 

 each, and some were Hly-shaped ones without handles. 



The pichana was used in scooping apples from their peelings. One 

 from Malleo (specimen No, 5, collection of Parque Nacional de 

 Lanin) made of bone is 5 inches long, i inch wide, and approximately 

 ^ inch thick. 



Baskets were of three types: the rani, the kiilko (pi. 74, 4), and 

 the kolkupiu. All three were used for carrying ; the rani and kiilko, 

 as sieves also ; the kolkupiu, for storage also. The small round seeds 

 of quinoa were sifted from coarse chaff through the rani ; wheat is 

 so sifted today. Hot sand used in toasting wheat was sifted from the 

 wheat through the kiilko. Wheat was winnowed on a ulepal, a basketry 

 winnowing tray. 



Traditional implements are in use today ; and so are factory-made 

 ones, such as plates, cups, knives, forks, spoons, cooking utensils. 

 Improvised utensils, such as tin cans to which wire handles were at- 

 tached, were frequently seen (pis. 62, i ; 72, i). 



In the early days cooking was done over a fire in a shallow pit 

 toward the front of the toldo. Smoke was emitted through an opening 

 in the roof of the toldo directly over the fireplace. When weather 

 permitted, cooking was done over an open pit outdoors. At present 

 cooking is more often done on worn-down second-hand factory-made 

 kitchen stoves, on heater stoves, or on improvised stoves made from 

 oil drums. One man had made a stove by setting up two walls of brick 

 about 4 feet apart and 18 inches high and putting over these a metal 

 sheet ; the front of the fireplace was left open. Today smoke is emitted 

 between boards of walls and roof nearest the stove, or through a 

 stovepipe led through a nearby wall, or occasionally through the roof. 

 In rare instances a chimney is built of adobe brick, (Pis. 63, 7 ; 65, i ; 

 66, 2.) 



A woman in Trumpul baked bread in an oil drum set in upright 

 position (pi. 71, i). The lower half of the drum was filled with sand. 

 Pieces of tin rested on the sand and also across the opening of the 

 drum. The space between these two pieces of tin was the oven. The 

 woman built a fire on the windward side of the drum, and when it had 

 burned down to glowing embers, she tested the heat of the oven with 

 her hand. Finding it sufficiently hot, she placed a loaf of dough on the 

 tin within the drum, replenished the embers with wood, and built a 

 fire on the tin cover also. By the time both fires were burned to 

 ashes, the bread was baked. 



Open-pit fireplaces (pi. y2, 2) that I saw (they were said to be 



