380 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I33 



police for damaging trees if I take bark off of them or dig up roots that 

 I would like to use in dyeing. Then, too, dyes bought in stores are 

 not too expensive, and there is considerably less work using them." 



Today, as formerly, plant dyes are set by being boiled in human 

 urine. Alum is used in setting commercial dyes, except purple ; but it 

 will not set plant dyes. Purple is set with a sulfate. 



BASKETRY 



Baskets were made by both men and women. Those used for carry- 

 ing or for sifting coarse material and for threshing wheat with the 

 feet were made of split colihiie stalks or colihiie rind (pi. 74, 4) ; 

 those used for finer sifting were made of the vine of weliiiwel (un- 

 identified). Winnowing trays were made of vine also ; only men made 

 these. Baskets were woven ; winnowing trays were coiled. 



POTTERY 



Making pottery was the work of women. "Formerly, every adult 

 woman knew how ; today, few desire to learn the art." Today can- 

 taros, ollas, pipes, cups, plates, and pifalka are made for use at the 

 rjillatun, and only an occasional woman makes some pieces for kitchen 

 use (pi. 7s). 



Pottery was made of clay mixed with sand and the sap of maqui as 

 adhesives. It was either modeled from a single lump or made of coils. 



The most commonly used clay was yellowish-red, known as raq ; 

 it was found in many places. White clay (mallo), a rare kind, was 

 more coveted ; it was found only in certain spots near creeks. Most 

 pottery found in excavations today was made of white clay. A woman 

 prepared white clay for pottery making by working it into powder with 

 her hands and then pushing it through a kiilko (sieve) until it was 

 nearly as fine as dust, when she mixed it well with the juice of crushed 

 leaves of maqui, "a very sticky juice, indeed." The least desirable 

 clay for pottery was chapad (mud). Kolupan told of green earth that 

 was also used formerly ; it was fetched from "a far away place where 

 we went to get it." 



There were no standard sizes or shapes of pottery ; nor were models 

 followed, except certain animal patterns which seem institutional 

 (cf. pi. 76, i). In general, pottery was neither glazed nor decorated. 

 A glaze could be produced by smearing the surface with maqui juice 

 before the pottery cooled after being fired. Sometimes clay was mixed 

 with sand containing mica for "mica made the pottery look pretty." 

 Polishins: was done with a smooth stone before firing. 



