NO. 10 NEBRASKA ARCHEOLOGY STRONG 7 



of Southwestern archeology, the ethnological inductions, which were 

 independently arrived at, agreed in all basic essentials. 



In the present paper the problem is reversed, for the peoples of 

 the Great Plains have received much ethnological study, whereas 

 their archeology has, up to very recent times, received little serious 

 attention. Therefore, an attempt is here made to fill in part of the 

 prehistoric record for a portion of the central Great Plains by ob- 

 jective archeological techniques, such as the correlation of material 

 cultural complexes with (exact) historic tribal locations, stratification 

 of habitation levels, and the occurrence of human artifacts in deposits 

 of determinable geological sequence. The results of this inquiry have 

 in turn been used as a check regarding current ethnological theories 

 and sequences postulated for the cultural history of the central plains. 

 In the present case the results of direct archeological research and of 

 current ethnological theory fail to synchronize so closely. This has 

 significant implications regarding the essential value of such a co- 

 ordinated ethnological and archeological approach, which will be 

 stressed in the conclusion. 



HISTORIC AND TRADITIONAL BACKGROUND 



The march of Coronado across the bufifalo plains to the provinces 

 of Quivira and Harahey in 1541 is the romantic prologue to the short 

 but vivid drama of Indian history in the Great Plains of North 

 America. In the brief descriptions vouchsafed us by the various 

 chroniclers of the expedition, references occur to the " governor of 

 Harahey and Quibira," to the characteristics of the two provinces, 

 and to their numerous sedentary inhabitants. Subsequent researches 

 have strongly indicated that the Quibira or Quivira of Coronado was 

 in northeastern Kansas and that its inhabitants were the Wichita 

 Indians, while Arache, Arahei or Harahey to the north was the 

 country of the Pawnee presumably in Nebraska. These conclusions, 

 based on geographic, linguistic, and ethnographic evidence, regarding 

 the native peoples of Quivira and Harahey indicate that almost 400 

 years ago the Plains region west of the Missouri River in Kansas 

 and Nebraska was occupied by Caddoan-speaking peoples who lived 

 in numerous permanent villages and cultivated corn, beans, and pump- 

 kins. As the inhabitants of Harahey appear to have been the Pawnee, 

 they are thus the first Nebraska tribe to be recorded in history. The 

 chroniclers clearly distinguish between the purely nomadic buiTalo 

 hunters encountered by the expedition farther to the south and the 

 settled inhabitants of Quivira and Harahey ; hence when the curtain 

 rises on Kansas and Nebraska it is a horticultural rather than a purely 



