NO. lO NEBRASKA ARCHEOLOGY STRONG T5 



' Panana,' or Pawnee." ' The Oto, unless Marquette's vague location 

 of them was actually in Nebraska, are first shown within that State 

 by Du Pratz in 1757, and are a Nebraska tribe. De I'lsle in 1718 and 

 1722 shows the Iowa in Nebraska, but, as future discussion will indi- 

 cate, they seem to have been only secondarily a historic Nebraska 

 tribe. The Missouri are likewise only secondarily a Nebraska tribe, 

 since they are not shown in that area prior to Lewis and Clark in 1804, 

 at which time their remnants were affiliated with the Oto. The Arikara 

 are consistently located north of our immediate region and need not be 

 considered in detail at this time, though Omaha traditions claim that 

 the Arikara were in northeastern Nebraska prior to their own oc- 

 cupation. Their kinsmen, the Pawnee, however, are the Nebraska 

 tribe par excellence. From the time of Coronado until their removal 

 to Oklahoma in 1876 they are always indicated within Nebraska, 

 though their earlier territories extended to the south beyond the State 

 boundary. Like the Arikara, the Wichita do not appear to have 

 made their home within our region in historic times. The Comanche 

 present a puzzling and fascinating problem but can certainly be in- 

 cluded as a Nebraska tribe at some time during their historic wander- 

 ings. Not until Collot's map in 1796 are the Cheyenne indicated, and 

 then north of our territory, in South Dakota. Since they claimed and 

 at times occupied extreme western Nebraska in the later historic 

 period they may be considered also as secondarily one of the tribes 

 of that State. The Arapaho are shown solely by Lewis and Clark 

 and then on the upper Platte, presumably in Colorado. Their history 

 is closely linked with that of their linguistic kinsmen, the Cheyenne. 



Five tribes, namely, the Pawnee, Omaha, Ponca, Oto, and Co- 

 manche, w'ere certainly resident in Nebraska for considerable periods 

 of time. Two other tribes, the Iowa and the Missouri, lived on the 

 eastern border of the State for brief periods, and various bands of 

 the Dakota as well as the Cheyenne and Arapaho in late historic times 

 ranged over and claimed the extreme northern and western border 

 areas. Although various tribes since the reservation period have been 

 assigned temporarily or permanently to restricted areas in Nebraska, 

 these need not be discussed in the present connection. Such forced 

 or temporary visitors as the Sauk and Fox, Winnebago, and Santee 

 Dakota, arriving in Nebraska as government wards, obviously have 

 no direct bearing on the archeological problem at hand. 



All historic evidence indicates that the Pawnee were the most firmly 

 rooted of the native peoples in Nebraska. Their early history, tra- 

 ditions, and exact locations within the State have been discussed in 



'Handbook of American Indians, Bur. Amer. Ethnol., Bull. 30, pt. i, p. 653. 



