NO. lO NKBRASKA ARCHEOLOGY STRONG 45 



Ward. On the Ijasis of their study of the hones, combined with the 

 geologic examination of the site, they concluded that the bones of 

 the lower layer antedated the formation of the loess hill, whereas 

 the bones of the upper layer were younger. (Barbour and Ward, 

 1906, pp. 319-327.) Later, after further study and excavations car- 

 ried out at the site, Barbour stated ( 1907 a, p. 331 et seq.) that " he 

 stands ready to give notice of the occurrence of human remains in 

 the loess, and unhesitatingly and unconditionally announces his be- 

 lief in the discovery of Nebraska loess man." He adds that there 

 is no discoverable relationship between the upper and lower human 

 remains, that the lower skulls are of the Neanderthal type especially 

 resembling the man of Spy. and that the suspicion of Pleistocene man 

 in America is therefore verified."" 



Blackman. who also examined the site and the material, in general 

 accepts Barbour's conclusions but adds that there exists a possibility 

 of the intrusion of the lower bones into their deeper situation through 

 the activity of gophers. He also adds that the present-day formation 

 of the loess by wind action is the greatest argument against extreme 

 antiquity. (Blackman, 1907 c, pp. 76-79.) 



In January 1907 the site was visited by A. Hrdlicka after he had 

 studied the skeletal material at Lincoln. Weather conditions were 

 such that little actual excavation seems to have been accomplished 

 on this visit. In his report, brought out soon after, Hrdlicka (1907, 

 pp. 66-98) sums up the bulk of the evidence and presents his own 

 conclusions. In relation to the general problem of artificial mounds 

 in Nebraska it is of interest that Hrdlicka,xlike the other authorities 

 quoted in this regard, accepts the artificial nature of the mound on top 

 of Long's Hill, though he specifically states that no lines of soil de- 

 marcation could be distinguished.'" Briefly stated, his main conclusions 

 are twofold ; first, that the remarkably low foreheads and pronounced 

 supraorbital ridges of certain of the skulls seem to him to be in- 

 dividual variations representing either exaggerations of definite sexual 

 characteristics, examples of degeneration, or reversions. He points 

 out (1907, pp. 92, 96) that these characteristics as well as the size and 

 thickness of the crania of the " loess man " type can be found in equal 



"Barbour, 1907 a. Also see same author, 1907 b, pp. 110-112; 1907 c, pp. 40-46. 

 The last citation states that there are three races represented at the Long's Hill 

 site, the oldest being loess man synchronous with the glaciation, then the mound- 

 builder type, and last the (intrusive) modern skull. 



" Hrdlicka, 1907, p. 75. Shimek, cited below, is an exception to this general 

 statement, and Gilder in a later paper (1908, p. 68) stated that the burial 

 mound can be partially traced from inside the excavation. 



4 



