56 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 93 



externals of Pawnee life in this period. Museum ethnological collec- 

 tions present an equally vivid picture of the costumes, habitations, 

 weapons, and utensils of the Pawnee in late historic times. But of the 

 nonperishable artifacts characteristic of the Pawnee tribes in the early 

 contact period very little has been available. Pottery, so important in 

 any archeological study, is not represented in any of the Pawnee 

 ethnological collections of our large museums, and the same can be 

 said in regard to the majoritv of native-type stone or bone artifacts. 

 Such things were rather quickly replaced by more efficient European 

 kettles and tools, and by the time the ethnologist appeared on the scene 

 they were long out of use. Hence if we want to know the concrete 

 details of Pawnee life we must go to the early contact villages and get 

 them from under the ground. 



Before the present Nebraska Archeological Survey was organized, 

 this work had already been well begun by A. T. Hill, of Hastings, 

 Nebr. Mr. Hill had purchased and conducted excavations in the 

 Zebulon Pike-Pawnee village just southeast of Red Cloud, Nebr.," and 

 his collections from this site were both extensive and accompanied by 

 scientific data. In addition, he had studied the problem of locating the 

 Pawnee sites referred to in early historical accounts, had visited all 

 those that could be located, and had made sample collections from 

 them. These invaluable data, the product of tedious research and 

 excavation, he put freely at the disposal of myself and my assistants. 

 In the late summer of 1930 the Survey party worked for 2 weeks at 

 the Hill site near Red Cloud, and subsequently my research assistant, 

 Waldo Rudolph Wedel, spent several weeks at Hastings studying the 

 Hill collections. This was supplemented by many trips to all the his- 

 toric Pawnee sites with Mr. Hill and by further excavations in such 

 sites made by the Survey in 193 1. Mr. Wedel has written up this 

 phase of the Survey work in his paper, " An Introduction to Pawnee 

 Archeology," hence I need only sketch in the outlines of historic 

 Pawnee archeology therein presented. Our indebtedness to Mr. Hill is 

 further emphasized by the fact that both in 1930 and 193 1 he also 

 gave generous support to Mr. Wedel's investigations. 



In all, 10 historic Pawnee villages have been located to date." Of 

 these only two have been extensively investigated. These, the Hill 

 site near Red Cloud in Webster County and the Linwood site near 

 Linwood, Butler County, date from the period around 1800. While 

 various ether sites of both earlier and later dates have been more super- 



" See the Nebraska History Magazine, vol. 10, no. 3, 1927 ; and Wedel, no date. 

 " See Wedel's paper for their exact location, documentation, and archeological 

 details. For general location see fig. i, sites i-io, present paper. 



