NO. lO NEBRASKA ARCHEOLOGY STRONG 6l 



Antler knapping tools, rather scarce. 



Antler or bone bracelets, not reported. 



Perforated animal teeth, fairly common. ( See pi. 9, fig. 2, h, for similar artifacts 



from prehistoric site.) 

 Animal jaw "corn shellers ", common. 



Ornamented animal skulls (one wildcat with brass buttons for eyes). 

 Bison horn spoons, fairly common in graves. (These are very perishable and 



may have disappeared in more ancient sites.) 

 Notched mussel-shell spoons, rare. 



Cylindrical shell "ear ornaments". Occur rather often in pairs in graves. 

 Small tubular shell beads, rare. 

 Bone beads, not reported. 



Owing to their perishable nature wooden artifacts are rare in all 

 sites of any antiquity. Nevertheless, a number of types have been 

 recovered in historic Pawnee sites. 



Wooden mortar with legs, one found at Hill site. (According to historical 



evidence these were in common use.) 

 Wooden bowls, fairly common (from graves). 

 Wooden platter, one found in grave at Hill site. 

 Cradle board, a considerable number of fragments found in graves at the Hill 



site. 

 Glass beads, very numerous, especially in graves. 



For the same reason as the above, woven artifacts are also rarely 

 encountered by the archeologist. However, the numerous graves 

 opened at the Hill site have furnished some material of this sort. 



Bison hair cloth, several fragments from graves. 



Bison hair yarn, numerous fragments from graves. 



Twined rush matting, numerous fragments from graves and houses. 



Thus, not including the more perishable types which may have 

 vanished from more ancient sites, we have 12 artifact types especially 

 characteristic of historic Pawnee culture. These are, first, a unique 

 type of pottery, then, large crude quartzite scrapers, grooved mauls, 

 stone " molds ", " whetstones ", catlinite elbow pipes, bison rib shaft 

 straighteners, elk antler hide-scraper handles (elbow type), "paint 

 brushes " of spongy bone, bison rib beaming tools, toothed fleshers of 

 bone, and cylindrical " ear ornaments " of shell. To these might be 

 added the mano, cupped anvil stones, grooved axes, and bone " plume 

 holders ". The other nonperishable artifacts not listed occur more or 

 less commonly in other Nebraska cultures. The fact of individual 

 inhumation in hilltop cemeteries is likewise a distinctive historic 

 Pawnee trait so far as our present knowledge of Nebraska cultures is 

 concerned. These occurrences will be discussed later in connection 

 with the other cultures so far distinguished in the State. The develop- 

 ment of the Pawnee house type and other similar matters will likewise 

 be considered at that time. 

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