NO. 10 NEBRASKA ARCHEOLOGY STRONG 9I 



duckbill, and snub-nosed, to mention only the most common. The 

 simple designation " end scraper " with qualifying adjectives for such 

 details as size, however, seems preferable. In the present site all end 

 scrapers are characterized by a smooth, flat ventral surface, often 

 curved, owing to the plane of cleavage of the original flake, and a keel 

 (or convex dorsal surface) culminating in an abrupt edge at one end 

 and a gradual slant down on all other sides. In size the end scrapers 

 from house i range from a length of 83 mm to only 27 mm. All of 

 them are characterized by a much greater length than breadth. The 

 following materials were employed : banded jasper 5, brown jasper 8, 

 yellow jasper 2, chalcedony 2, flint or chert 3 (one of the latter is of 

 " Nehawka flint " from southeastern Nebraska) . The largest specimen 

 from house i is 83 mm long and 35 mm wide (pi. 7, fig. i, 0). In 

 addition to the clearly defined end scrapers are some six roughly sub- 

 rectangular pieces of chipped flint, ranging from 50 mm to 37 mm 

 in length and from 34 mm to 25 mm in breadth. These have been 

 carelessly retouched on both sides and ends and in their flat ventral 

 and ridged dorsal surfaces suggest the type of end scraper just 

 described. They may be incomplete specimens or may be a cruder 

 type. The end scraper was probably hafted and used in dressing hides 

 and is often the most numerous single artifact on surface sites in 

 Nebraska. 



Three small flint or chert artifacts of ovoid shape may be tentatively 

 classified as side scrapers. These specimens are very thin (6 mm for the 

 thickest) and are retouched on both sides. Two of them are 44 mm 

 long and the third is 22 mm long. The edges have received the most 

 careful retouching, especially along the sides. They diflfer from the 

 end scrapers in the latter regard as well as in lacking any keel or 

 abruptly chipped end. In addition, there are ii fragments of what 

 appear to have been side scrapers, 5 ovoid and 6 circular in outline. 

 Of these, 6 are retouched only on one side, the others on all sides. 

 Four of these are red, black, and gray chert, 7 of yellow or brown 

 jasper. The longest is 67 mm and the shortest 46 mm in length, and 

 they range from 8 mm to 3 mm in thickness. It is obvious that all of 

 the above specimens may have served as knives ; however, the poorer 

 workmanship and the emphasis on the side retouch at the expense of 

 the whole blade favors their classification as scrapers. They have not 

 been included in the chart (table 3) showing the distribution of arrow- 

 points, spearheads, and knives. 



A large number of thin, flat, delicately retouched stone artifacts 

 from house i have been classified as knives. Including large frag- 

 ments there are 50 pieces of this sort from house i. These, with some 



