NO. lO NEBRASKA ARCHEOLOGY STRONG 259 



Tobacco pipes recovered from Nebraska culture sites are remark- 

 able both as to quantity and quality. The 8 obtained by the Survey 

 from houses at Rock Blutfs and the Gates sites are all of pottery, 6 of 

 the bent tubular and 2 apparently fragments of straight tubular pipes 

 (pi. 16, fig. 2). These have already been discussed in detail. Sterns 

 obtained 40 pipes from Nebraska culture sites, 36 of pottery, 2 of lime- 

 stone, I of pumice, and i of steatite. The pottery pipes are mostly of 

 the bent tubular type, though they vary from almost a right angle to a 

 straight line. One of these pottery pipes with a sharp elbow and in- 

 cised parallel rings around the top suggests a common Iroquois type ; 

 one broken pipe has a human face in relief, suggesting a similar pipe 

 obtained by the Survey, as does another of Sterns" semielbow pipes 

 with incised turkey tracks ; one pipe is modeled to represent a bison 

 skull ; another a bison hoof ; another a human foot ; another, a reptile 

 with lumps all over its back, has its legs broken off ; and still another 

 suggests half a banana in shape. Evidently the bent toward modeling 

 in the Nebraska culture evidenced in their pottery found even greater 

 expression in effigy heads and pipes. The three pumice and limestone 

 pipes are of the elbow type and resemble those already described from 

 Upper Republican sites. The steatite pipe is of the platform variety 

 with a flange around the top of the bowl and, as Sterns states, re- 

 sembles the Siouan calumet. Sterns (191 5 a, II, p. 239) found no 

 catlinite pipes. 



In the course of his excavations Dr. Gilder has obtained a large 

 number of pipes, many of which, especially the most unusual, have 

 been illustrated in his various papers already^ referred to. A charac- 

 teristic pottery pipe, obtained by Gilder near Omaha, now in the 

 Nebraska State Museum collections, is illustrated here with those 

 secured by the Survey (pi: 16, fig. 2, m). In the Gilder collection in 

 the Omaha Public Library, which contains material obtained mainly 

 from Nebraska culture sites in the Omaha vicinity, are 26 pipes. 

 Twenty of these are of pottery, 5 of soft stone, and i of steatite. Most 

 of the pottery pipes are of the bent tubular type ; 2 have the form of 

 a bird with spread wings ; i a bird with wings in place ; 2 have incised 

 designs suggesting birds ; i is a headless animal, the bowl opening 

 formed by the neck ; and i is a well-modeled toad with knobs or 

 " warts " all over his back ; a similar toad pipe collected by Gilder has 

 incised circles instead of bumps. The five stone pipes are of white, 

 pink, and red " pipestone " (this may be chalk) and are of the elbow 

 type very similar to those found in the Upper Republican culture site 

 at Lost Creek. To judge from the published accounts and the available 

 collections, the Gilder pipe material accords with that obtained by 



