NO. lO NEBRASKA ARCHEOLOGY STRONG 287 



the outer surface. The bowls are either plain or encircled by parallel 

 trailed lines. There is as yet no tie-up between the Mill Creek culture 

 and any of the historic tribes, though there are some interesting 

 resemblances to Mandan culture. 



Very recently a fifth prehistoric culture in southwestern Iowa has 

 been encountered by Dr. Keyes."" Artifacts of this type occur along 

 the Missouri River from the southwestern corner of Iowa as far 

 north as the middle of Harrison County. So far no scientific exca- 

 vations have been made, and the only available material consists of 

 surface collections made by local collectors. The nature of this ma- 

 terial, however, leads Dr. Keyes to distinguish the types represented 

 under the designation of the Glenwood culture. In this region both 

 shallow house pits and numerous small ossuary mounds occur, prob- 

 ably as manifestations of the Glenwood culture. Most of the potsherds 

 in these collections are identical with those of the Nebraska culture, 

 and the same may be said for the other artifact types so far reported. 

 However, in these surface collections are a number of sherds clearly 

 marked with cord-wrapped paddles and having definite collars, both 

 of which traits suggest the Upper Republican culture of Nebraska 

 rather than the Nebraska culture proper. The meaning of this associ- 

 ation can be determined only by careful excavation work in south- 

 western Iowa sites. Until this has been accomplished, it will be im- 

 possible to decide whether " Upper Republican culture " sites actually 

 do occur as far east as Iowa, whether the sherds represent trade pieces 

 in Glenwood culture sites, or whether independent parallel develop- 

 ment of rim types has taken place. It will be remembered that an 

 association of this type occurred in the top level at the \A^alker Gilmore 

 site, above the Sterns Creek culture ; hence similar occurrences in 

 western Iowa seem very important. If the Upper Republican culture 

 is actually represented east of the Missouri River, two explanations 

 are possible, either the Upper Republican culture does not pertain 

 strictly to the prehistoric Caddoan (i. e.. Pawnee) culture, or else 

 Caddoan peoples lived to the east of the Missouri as some of their 

 legends have claimed. So far as the main body of material assigned 

 to the Glenwood culture is concerned, it seems probable that the Ne- 

 braska and Glenwood cultures will prove to be actually one and the 

 same. 



In addition to the close similarity, if not identity, of the Glenwood 

 culture and the Nebraska culture, certain other apparent relationships 

 may be tentatively indicated. Certainly the Sterns Creek culture finds 



"' Information from Dr. Keyes at the Plains Archeological Conference, Lincoln, 

 Nebr., September, 1932. 



