34 THE entomologist's record. 



families. If we compare the genus Caliaa with I'apilin, we should be 

 immediately impressed with the similarity of structure of the tegumen 

 and the cingula with the curious development of the proximal tergite,. 

 which in both seems to form a sort of additional " cover," to use Dr. 

 White's expression ; the valves are small and different, and are really 

 akin to the harpagones. If, however, we turn to Pier is brassicae and 

 its allies, it will be seen that the dorsal section of the armature is less 

 similar, but that the large valves are quite extraordinarily similar, 

 whilst 10 the furca is attached a longitudinal, short hornlike sclerite that 

 might well be the initial stages of the Papilionid harpe. Gosse, 

 however, seeing the homology, examined various Pierids, and in some- 

 found the harpe as quite a distinct organ within the valve. 



These observations point very conclusively to the correctness of 

 both Gosse's and my statements that the valves in the Papilionidae 

 and in the Pieridae are certainly homologous, and I assume this as a 

 fact. This brings us to the decision as to the use of the name '•' valve." 

 It was first used colloquially in 1815 for P. braasicae ^ . 



It was used again by Burmeister in 1832 colloquially for D.. 

 eiiphorbiae. De Haan then used it in 1842 for the Papilionidae, again 

 colloquially. Gosse comes next (so far as I have been able to trace), 

 with his memoir already referred to, but, and this is important, he- 

 comes in with full knowledge of earlier literature, referring specifically 

 to it, and acting definitely as a reviser. This revision (of terms) cannot 

 be overridden to-day with the historical facts as they are. Let me 

 summarise them in a sentence or two. 



" Valves" were first used by Herold in 1815 for Pieris brassicae. 

 The word was then used indiscriminately for a period. 



Gosse then as first reviser fixes the word " valves " to the- 

 Papilionidae and a section of the Pieridae, referring pointedly to the 

 homology of the two sets of organs in the two families, this action,, 

 therefore, cannot be annulled. 



We are thus left to provide a term for the clasps of other families, and 

 this had been done by Buchanan White, who gave the term IJarpar/o,. 

 plural Harpariones, to these structures ; this is one of the first scientific 

 appellations given to these organs, and it has precedence over others in- 

 asmuch as the valvae and the harpagones are not the same. We thus 

 arrive at the conclusion that : — 



White's terms Tei/uwen, as applied to the dorsal armature, and 

 Harpai/o, as applied to the lateral ventral armature, must stand, that 

 the term Valvae, or valves, and the term Harpe must stand, as applied 

 to the Papilionidae and some Pieridae : and the term Uncuti, of Gosse,. 

 if used at all, can only be used for the terminal segment of the group 

 it is referrpd to, but in view of Dr. White's very clear description and 

 figures, it ought to be dropped as a synonym of the term tegumen. 

 It may appear that I am a little dogmatic in this article, but I am 

 obliged to be so, for with a recent author practically claiming that his 

 designations shall be unreservedly adopted, a little dogmatism is 

 absolutely necessary if future nomenclature is to be put on a right, 

 basis. 



N.B. — Since writing the above, my friend, the Rev. F. D. Morice, 

 has called my attention to a work published in Switzerland in 1820 

 by J. J. Hegetschweiler, " Dissertatio inaug. zootom. de Insectorum 

 genitalibus," and also to an appendix on the same subject by Kirby 



