GYNANDROMORPHS AND SEX. 59 



Celastrina artjiolus, right side 3 =0, left side c? =1. 

 Poli/o)iiiiiatt(s iearas, right side <? =12, left side <^ =9. 

 Poli/o))imatus hijlas, right side 3 —\, left side 3 —\. 

 Pob/oni Hiatus meleayer, right side (? =1, left side 3 =2. 

 Polijoiiiiiiatns eacheri, right side 3 =1, left side <^ =0. 

 Poli/oiiimatiis ainaiidiis, right side (? =1, left side 3 =2. 

 Aricia enmedon, right side <? =1, left side 3 =0. 

 Hirsittina damon, right side <? =0, left side 3 =1. 

 fjamearis Iticina, right side c? =1, left side cj" =1. 

 Araschnia levana, right side <? =1, left side 3 =1. 

 Dryafi paphia, right side 3 =18, left side 3 =20. 

 Dryas pandora, right side J^ =1, left side «? =0. 

 Pyraiiieis cardni, right side 3 =0, left side (J =1. 

 Pyrameis atalanta, right side ^ =1, left side 3 =1. 

 Eiiyonia polychloros, right side J =0, left side 3 =1. 

 Euvanessa antiopa, right side 3—6, left side 3—4:. 

 Aylais urticae, right side 3 =0, left side c? =1. 

 Brenthis selenc, right side J =0, left side <? =1. 

 Melitaea didyiiia, right side <3^ =1. left side 3—0. 

 Melitaea phnebe, right side c? =1, left side tj =0. 

 Melitaea athalia, right side <? =1, left side 3 =0. 

 Melitaea dictynna, right side <? =0, left side J =1. 

 Liniejiitis popnli, right side (3^ =9, left side <? =6. 

 Apatura iris, right side (? =1, left side 3 =1. 

 Apatura ilia, right side 3 =2, left side J =5. 

 Epinephele lycaon, right side c? =0, left side 3 =2. 

 Epinephele jnrtina, right side c? =7, left side J =0. 

 Erebia aethiops, right side 3—1, left side 5" =1. 

 Erebia euryale, right side J =0, left side 3—2. 

 Hipparchia seinele, right side 3 =\, left side 3 =0. 

 Pararye viaera, right side c? =0, left side J" =2. 

 Hipparchia statiliiiiis, right side (? =0, left side 3 =1. 

 Satyr us hermiune, right side 3 =0, left side J =2. 

 Satyrus alcyone, right side (7=1, left side J =0. 

 (Joeno7iynipha arcania, right side J" =0, left side 3 =2. 

 Adopaea flava, right side 3 =1, left side 3 =0. 



Summing up these we find that out of 302 examples of recorded 

 gynandromorphic specimens of European Rhopalocera, we have 157 

 cases in which the 3 secondary sexual characters predominate on the 

 right side, and 145 cases in which they predominate on the left side, 

 rthat is, approximately the same numbers, so that these figures give no 

 support to the statement that in gynandromorphic specimens the right 

 side of the insect is usually predominantly male. The figures for 

 individual species give the same indication, Oryas paphia, 18 to 20 ; 

 Polyiminiatus icariis, 12 to 9 ; (jonepteryx rhaiiini, 18 to 16, etc. 



Certain species seem very prone to the phenomenon of gynandro- 

 morphism. Both Gunepteryx rhanini and G. deopatra ; Dryas paphia, 

 but not the closely allied D. pandora ; Enchloe cardainines, but not E. 

 cuphe)u)ides, of which no specimen was recorded ; Polyoinmatiis icartis, 

 but none of the rest of the "blues"; Limcnitis populi and perhaps 

 Apatura ilia. The remainder of the species show but very slight 

 -tendency to this aberration. 



