COLLECTING IN TURKEY, MAINLY NEAR CONSTANTINOPLE. 17 



While a few which remained on the growing plant, crawled to the 

 base and spun themselves up among the folds of dead leaves, each resting 

 on a little carpet of silk spun on the leaf. It is, therefore, obvious 

 that in a wild state the larvre descend the stems of the plant and 

 hibernate among moss, dead leaves, or other shelters, suitable for the 

 purpose of hibernation. 



Upon microscopical examination the honey-gland does not appear 

 more developed than in the previous stage, when it appears as a scar 

 on the epidermis, no real incision being visible. 



(2'o l>c' continued.) 



Collecting in Turkey, mainly near Constantinople, in 1913. 



By P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S. 



The autumn of 1912 died away in storm and incessant rain, a fit 

 prelude to the disasters which at the end of October and in early 

 November shook the Turkish Empire to its foundations. The winter 

 round Constantinople was unusually severe. Snow fell often and 

 heavily, and the " Tipi " or IN.E. blizzard, raged for days at a time. 

 1918, however, proved a very fair year for collecting, and although I 

 had but little time to spare, I was yet able to snatch occasional half 

 holidays in the open all through the summer till August 6th, when I 

 left for England. Spring began unusually early owing to the 

 prevalence of southerly winds. The last half of March was extremely 

 warm and dry. April was on the whole rather cold, North winds 

 having set in again, but May, June, and above all July, were excep- 

 tionally hot. 



The fact that the whole Tchataldja district was, as it still is, a great 

 fortress, that camps of Kurds and other truculent irregulars were pitched 

 in parts of the Belgrade forest, where there were also not a few armed 

 deserters, and after the Grand Vizier's murder a party of fugitive 

 conspirators and a large number of search parties of gendarmes, who 

 were rather inclined to arrest suspicious " shapKalis " (persons wearing 

 hats), greatly circumscribed collecting on the European side of the 

 Bosphorus. The ground, which I had previously worked at Kiitchuk- 

 Tchekmedje, and where I had taken Af/riades therutes, had been 

 converted first into a cholera camp and secondly into a burying 

 ground for some 2,000 victims of the epidemic. I was therefore com- 

 pelled to restrict my operations mainly to the Asiatic side of the water. 

 In the following notes I propose to deal separately with the European 

 and with the Asiatic localities which I visited, adding a brief account 

 of my observations at Smyrna, which I visited in mid-October after 

 my return to the East. 



I. BosPHORUs. — European Side. — I did not do any collecting on 

 the European side of the water till June 4th, when I paid a visit of a 

 few hours to the more accessible part of the Belgrade Forest district. 

 I found most of the species one expected to find, out in some numbers, 

 though I only got one Limejiitis ca))nlla, a fine $ , and found the 

 Lycfenids and Urbicolids which emerge in May over or worn out. 

 Coenoiiijinp/ia arcania, Xordniaiinia ilicis, and Brenthis dajiline were 

 freshly emerged and 3 s of Arm/nnis a<ilaia were already on the wing 

 with Melitaea didynia. A nice specimen of Pteroijon jiroserpina, taken 

 buzzing over some low plants, was my best capture. 



