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LEPIDOPTEROLOGY. 113 



•last summer T found it on the rough banks by the path side, leading 

 up to Lac Tanay, at a height of about 3,500ft. Farther up it was 

 abundant, on the banks of the little lake,* flying in grassy patches 

 among the fir trees, and in equal numbers, over a stretch of closely 

 grazed grass, which was rendered almost swampy by a small stream 

 flowing over it. This was just 4,600ft. up. Above the lake the path 

 wound up through an open fir wood, and all the way uicudo was to be 

 seen in hundreds. Somewhat below the wood, where numbers of 

 peasants were cutting the grass up the slopes, it was abundant too. 

 Above the wood there was no hay to cut, the long grass having given 

 place to the short alpine pastures, yet here, too, tiianti) swarmed in 

 every direction, and continued in fair numbers almost to the very top 

 •of the Grammont, at nearly 7,000ft. There is nothing untypical of 

 manto in this, one could give many other similar instances, nor is it 

 a complete list of the difterent kinds of places inhabited by manto. 

 To say the least of it then, does it not seem most unnatural that two 

 insects of such totally different modes of existence should be one and 

 the same species ? 



The result of all this, if briefly summarised, gives us the following : 

 Evidence for considering manto and (javarniensis one species: — 



(1) Similarity of the genitalia. 



(2) Varieties of manto exist, which have lost some of the typical 

 mahogany colouring on the ^ underside, in extreme cases somewhat 

 resembling (/jvarniensis. 



Evidence for separating them : — 



(1) Difference in the neuration, greater than that existing between 

 manto and oeme. 



(2) Ground colour of S underside. Mahogany suffusion always 

 present in type manto, and present to a greater or less extent m at 

 least 95% of all varieties and aberrations. Never present in 

 gavarniensis 



(8) Size. Large size of ;/avarniemi>i being constant. 



(4) Habitats. Extremely varied in manto, with a great range in 

 altitude. Very specialised in gavarniensis. 



From this I think it will be seen that there is no sufficient proof 

 for regarding these two species as one, especially when it is remem- 

 bered that both the points in favour of uniting them are to be found 

 in other distinct species, the second one to a very much more marked 

 extent. 



I have used the name i/avarniensiH throughout, merely for the sake 

 of clearness, not from any wish to crowd another name into the 

 existing mass, if there already is an available one. 



Explanation of Plate XIII. 

 Figs, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 



10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 E. manto. 



Figs. 19, 20, 21. 22, 23, 24 E. gavarniends. 



Figs. 9, 18, 25, 26 E. 'oeme. 



Photoiiraph by F. ErUmann Montreux. 



Lepidopterology. • 



This Fasciculus is " A propos des races geographiques occidentales 

 de Parnassius apollo," and contains 84 plates with more than a 



* Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, par Charles Oberthiir. Fasc. VIII. 



