64 THE entomologist's record. 



" typical " in facies. The specimen I figure (pi. i., figs. 1, 5, 9) came 

 from the Himalaya Mountains, but I have seen specimens just like it 

 which came from northern Germany. 



When, however, the species is subjected to temperature experi- 

 ments, the results show that /'. carclui is as susceptible as any other 

 species and capable of great facial changes. The form induced by low 

 temperature, ab. iviskotti, Stdfss., is in some ways an exaggeration of 

 the natural dark form of Lapland, and exhibits a bright atalanta-iovm 

 margin on the dusky upperside of the hindwings, while the underside 

 facies, as also the shape of the hindwings (fig. 19), showing the 

 tendency to develop the Vanessid " tail," points to Vanessa urticae 

 (fig. 20) and (in shape only !) to Araschnia levana-prorsa (fig. 14 shows 

 an aberration) thus suggesting general " family likeness." A. levana- 

 p)-orsa may be noted to exhibit in the forewing the shape peculiar to 

 the Pyrameid group, and in the hindwings that peculiar to V. urticae, 

 V. 10, etc., but also in normal P. cardui a sunlit projection of the third 

 vein of the hindwings is perhaps always distinctly visible. When exposed 

 to high temperatures the pupae of P. cardui produce exaggerations 

 of the light tropical forms. P. canlni ab. orellata, Rbl., distinguished 

 by blue-centred eye-spots on the upperside of the hindwings, as in 

 P. carye, Hb. (pi. i., fig. 6). The aberrative detail in ab. ocellata seems 

 to be an atavism, as it tends to equalise the size of the spots, two of 

 which are already subject to " favoured development" in light forms 

 of P. cardui. The figs. 5, 9 (P. cardui), 6, 10 (P. mn/e), and 7, 11 (P. 

 virginiensis, with a tiny spot still remaining between the two large 

 ones in 11) illustrate this, and induce me to suggest that P. carye, of 

 which ab. ocellata reminds one, approaches most closely to the proto- 

 type of the Pyrameids (1) from its small size, (2) from its nearly all 

 orange forewings (fig. 2) — the light costal blotch near the apex is 

 orange (and in shape reminds one of that in P. atalanta ab. werrijieldi, 

 Stdfss.) — and (3) from the markings of the underside facies of the hind- 

 wings, which are much like those of P. cardui, P. indica, and P. atalanta 

 (figs. 9, 17, 18), but exhibit more plainly than any of these a whitish 

 band as in P. virginiensis (lower part of band also slightly masked !) 

 and P. vrgrinna (figs. 11, 12). Such extreme facial changes from 

 spotted or chequered to banded forms is excellently illustrated by the 

 example of the well-known northern species A. levana, with its 

 var. prorsa, which, perhaps, in the form levana, gives a good idea of 

 what the " generic ancestor " of the Vanessids was like. The light 

 band in fig. 14, an aberration, is not white as in var. prorsa: it is 

 pale orange, but the apical blotch is whitish. In contrast with P. carye, 

 P. viyrinna (figs. 4, 8, 12), which, by its large size (the figure is from a 

 very small specimen !), pinkish-red ground colour, and the banded 

 facies of the hindwings, suggests that the peculiar markings and colours 

 of P. atalanta (upperside facies) may be easily developed from the 

 car'dui-iovm facies, is, perhaps, the most highly difierentiated species 

 of its group, reminding one, as Professor Standfuss has noted, also of 

 the purely tropical genus Jnnonia. I do not, of course, intend to 

 imply herewith that /'. myrinna is more closely related to P. atalanta 

 than P. carye, indeed, exactly the opposite appears to be the case. P. 

 carye being nearer the generic prototype would also be nearer to the 

 species of the atalanta -iox:TQ. groups, which to-day, by their geographical 

 distribution as compared with those of the t'rt/(/«i-form species, 



