SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILE ANTS. 155 



terms with the $ , I put them all into the nest. The ? was at once 

 attacked, and a few hours later was dead. On January 9th, 1910, 1 put 

 a fertile $ of an American variety of L. Jiiffer in a nest of the same 

 species which contained a $ . The strange $ avoided every ant she 

 met, and was very soon attacked. Two queenless nests of L. nii/er 

 accepted fertile $ s of L. nmhratKfi (August 21th, 1896, and September 

 19th, 1908), as already recorded {Scioice (inssip, May, 1900, and The 

 Hntoiiioldf/ist's Montlilij Mai/azinr, April and May, 1909). Lasius flavtis 

 $ s were always attacked by L. niner (January 14th, 1910, and other 

 cases not recorded). Isolated ? s of L. niifer kept by me have always 

 laid eggs shortly after swarming (September 12th, 1901, and other 

 cases), except two $ s of an American variety of L. 7ii;ier, 1909, whereas 

 $ s of L. niiibratKs have never begun to lay till the year after fertilisa- 

 tion (the two cases of L. umbratus J s and L. ni(jer above mentioned, 

 1896 and 1908, and solitary L. nwbratiis ? s in 1895, 1896, 1899, 

 and 1909). 



7. Hostility to strange 2 s. — I have found Myrinica ruginodis, 

 M. laevinodin, and A/, acabrinodin invariably hostile to strange $ s. The 

 only case recorded was on May 18th, 1909, when I put a strange M. 

 laerinndis J into a nest of the same species. She was at once attacked 

 and dragged out of the nest. I put her in again later, and she was 

 again dragged out, one ? trying to sting her. 



8. Embryo nests. — With regard to embryo nests, I have found what 

 seemed to be the beginnings of nests among the following species 

 only:— 



(«) Laaiiin niner. — One solitary $ in sand at Wellington College, 

 April 13th, 1903; a 5 with larvae under a stone at Ouchy, Switzer- 

 land, June 7th, 1905 ; and two 5 s alone under a stone, Cleveland, 

 U.S.A., September 18th, 1909. 



(b) L. tlaritx. — Four J s together under a stone (probably only a 

 temporary retreat), August 6th, 1904; and a single ? in a small 

 chamber in the earth under a stone (date not recorded). 



(f) L. uinbratKs. — A ? under a stone with two ^ s, March 23rd, 

 1903. 



{(I) Mipmira ruifiuodis.—A solitary $ in the ground, April 18th, 

 1909. 



(e) Leptofhiira.r tuhenun, race nylanderi. — A $ , one ^ , and three 

 larvfB, inside a beech-nut, at Pangbourne, Berks, September 24th, 1903. 



9. Lasius fuliginosus. — At Ouchy, Switzerland, June 15th, 1905, 1 

 saw ^ s of L. fuliijinosuH pulling apterous $ s after swarming into their 

 nest. The ? s apparently came from the same nest. 



10. Small-winged Lasius flavus and L. niger.— Females of Lamina 

 nvjer and L.fiarux are sometimes found with small wings, otherwise per- 

 fectly formed, but barely one-half the normal size. In Oxfordshire, 

 August 21st, 1898, I found a $ of L. flonm on a road, with very small 

 wings. Next day I found another near the same place. There were 

 several normal ? s about, as a nest had swarmed close by. A few days 

 later, August 28th, I found some similar J s of L. ni;ier in a nest, close to 

 where I had found the A>. t^anis 5 s. On July 17th, 1900, I again 

 found five short-winged /.. tlana^ $ s in a nest in the same neighbour- 

 hood, and six more on August 7th, 1901, on a road. I threw some of 

 these into the air, but they dropped straight down, and seemed unable 

 to fly. Again on July 19th, 1901, I found four short-winged L. niger 



