1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11 



show that the eg-gs are laid on any part of the apple, and Mr. Simpson found 

 as many on the leaves as on the fruit. The main benefit from spraying is 

 not so much that you get the spray into that cup, because the caterpillars 

 begin life both on the leaves and fruit. They crawl about a little and then 

 penetrate the fruit. I have seen them when they first get into the cup of 

 the apple ; they have there a place to get a purchase to make the first hole, and 

 they are able by pressure upon the opposite side to penetrate the skin. The 

 egg is exceedingly minute and like a little fish's scale, perfectly flat and sil- 

 very. It does not stand up as a prominence on the side. To see it you must 

 take the apple, hold it sidewise, and look against the light and it will shine 

 as a fish's scale. The young caterpillar hatches from that and crawls about 

 on the apple. It is, of course, a very small insect and requires attention and 

 time to see it. Most crawl towards the calyx end. With the second brood, 

 the injury is often where two apples come together. At Ottawa we have come 

 to the conclusion that with us the proper time to spray, if only one application 

 is made, is not only not during the time of bloom, but not until even a week 

 after the blossoms fall. The eggs are laid upon the young fruit. Nearly 

 all apples when they are in the flowering stage are covered with a thick down, 

 and the egg of the moth cannot be affixed to the side at that time. This is 

 simply a matter of observation. The laying of the eggs certainly continues 

 for over a week after the apple has formed. We never found an occasion 

 where it was necessary to spray trees for the codling-moth during the time 

 they were in bloom. 



Mr. Crow^ inquired whether there is any satisfactory way of killing the 

 second brood. 



Dr. Fletcher replied that bandaging the trees is the most effective 

 method. By that means many caterpillars can be caught and destroyed. 

 Spraying has some effect, but not so much as in the case of the first brood, 

 because the foliage is so much thicker, rendering the work more difficult. 



Mr. Jarvis said that he had conducted experiments with bandages, 

 and on one occasion found about 300 worms under a single bandage in two 

 weeks' time. He began about the middle of July. The number of worms 

 under a bandage varied very much. 



Dr. Fletcher considered this too late for beginning and recommended 

 the early part of the month for commencing to bandage. It was no doubt 

 the most effective method of preventing injury from the second brood. 



Mr. Caesar said that he had been this summer with Mr. Tweddle, who 

 has an orchard of about 70 acres ; and he was going to ask the same question 

 as Mr. Crow. What time is it necessary to begin spraying to get the best 

 results in preventing the second brood of the insects? They sprayed this 

 orchard about three times in the early part of the season, and then did not 

 spray again until about the 20th of August. He noticed in looking over 

 the apples (Northern Spy) that they would probably have about thirty-three 

 per cent., or more, of them affected by the moth. He wondered whether if 

 they had been two weeks earlier this loss might have been prevented. As 

 for bandaging, with an orchard so large it was almost impossible for them 

 to do it. He thought they would do better to give the time to spraying. 

 He wished to know what is the estimated cost of bandaging. 



Dr. Fletcher : The question is a matter of expenditure and returns. 

 If it pays, it does not matter if you pay |1,000 to bandage if you make 

 12,000 out of it. For the returns that you get from it, bandaging certainly 

 pays, and it must not be forgotten that the very word spraying was un- 

 known twenty years ago. Mr. Fisher will remember the first old Robertson 

 pump, made at Grimsby. Now thousands of pumps are sold every year. 



