1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 



and ia some tlie proportion of injury was even greater. How to lessen the 

 ra\ages of tlie Codling worm is an intricate problem for apple and pear 

 groAveis who resort to various means. The most popular remedies are spray- 

 ing with arsenic, bandaging, and keeping hogs and sheep in the orchard. 

 Spraying, to be effective, must be done while the calyx remains open and 

 before tlie fruit turns down, which will be useful only in reducing the first 

 brood. Bandages should be applied early in June after the rough bark has 

 been scraped from the trunk and large limbs. Being thus deprived of the 

 natural v<=helter, the larvae will continue their pilgrimage until they ultimately 

 come to the snug quarters which the bandage affords, where they will remain. 

 If these bandages be removed, and, after the worms have been destroyed, be 

 returned to the tree at intervals of ten days and this be continued throughout 

 the seasvm and until after the crop is harvested, the evil will be materially 

 lessened Notwithstanding the great advantage which is sure to follow, these 

 methods require more time and labor than the average farmer is likely to 

 expend under existing labor conditions. In the Niagara district there are 

 a good many successful apple and pear orchards standing in sod, and the 

 owners unhesitatingly declare in favor of this treatment. Some cultivated 

 formerly, but have abandoned cultivation. Others have part of their orchards 

 in sod and part in cultivation, and say the trees in sod give the best results. 

 Tbey all agree that the grass must be kept pastured of£ very closely and never 

 be allowed to get much top. 



Hogs and sheep are usually kept in these orchards. The advocates of 

 this method claim that their trees bear more regularly, that the fruit is more 

 highly colored, and keeps better than that from cultivated trees, and that 

 they keep the proportion of wormy apples well below ten per cent. I have 

 observed that pruning has been carefully attended to in all successful orchards 

 standing in sod. 



I do not wish just yet to be understood as advocating sod in orchards, 

 but have no hesitation in endorsing all of the advantage that is claimed to 

 attend the presence of sheep and hogs. And further, this treatment is easy 

 and much more likely to be conducted to a successful conclusion than either 

 of the methods first mentioned. 



Since its introduction into Canada never before did the San Jose scale 

 enjoy conditions so favorable for its increase as were experienced during the 

 past twelve months. The exceptionally mild winter suifered a much larger 

 proportion than is usual to come through alive, and the hot, dry summer 

 furnished ideal weather for rapid multiplication. It is needless to say that 

 the scale made the best possible use of its opportunity and that the increase 

 and spread were much greater than was ever before observed in this country. 



This remarkable increase and the effect upon the trees were so easily seen 

 that many growers question the possibility of combatting the scale success- 

 fully, and are taking no action. At the same time a few others, who have 

 counted the cost carefully, and considered the advantage of both saving their 

 orchards, and disposing of full crops on bare markets, have used lime and 

 sulphur thoroughly cooked and freely applied for four or five years, with 

 exceedingly gratifying results. These men did not shrink from the neces- 

 sary expenditure, and besides maintaining their orchards in the highest 

 possible condition of health and vigor, have realized greater net profits from 

 them than they ever did before the advent of the San Jose scale, and this, 

 loo, in the midst of infested surroundings. 



