1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 143 



purple of its upper surface is banded with pure white and adorned with 

 orange suots and blue crescents. The larvse of these lovely butterflies feed 

 upon the elm, willow, etc., and they do little, if any, harm. 



But we must not dwell upon the inoffensive insects, however beautiful. 

 Let me draw your attention for a moment to creatures that work in darkness, 

 to the iniury of the trees. Some of these belong" to the Hymenoptera : Tre- 

 mex columba, Drury (Fig. 41); Uroceros alhicornis, Fabricius; U. cyaneus, 

 Fabricius; U. flavicornis, Fabricius. They are large, handsome, but for- 

 midable looking flies. Their larvae tunnel in various trees and do much 

 damage. Fortunately their number are kept down by several species of even 

 more dangerous-looking ichneumons : Thalessa atrata, Fab. ; T . lunator, Fab. ; 

 T. nortont, Cresson, &c. The larvae of these follow up the larvae of the others 

 and devour them. Many a tragedy, that we know not of, is done in the 

 darkness. 



Fig. 41. Pigeon-tremex — the Horn-tail borer— ( 2Vewe:(; Columba.) 



The larvae of many beetles are borers. I dare say that this log on which 

 we are sitting is bored through and through by the larvae of Orthosoma hrun- 

 neum, Porster. 



We do not greatly wonder that larvae of some of the four- winged flies, 

 and of some of the beetles should bore in timber ; but it does seem remarkable 

 that larvae of some of our moths should do the same. 



Yet the larvae of Cossus centerensis, Lintner, bore in the Balsam Poplar; 

 the larvae of Prionoxystus, robinice, Peck, bore in the locust; the larvae of 

 Prionoxystus MacTuurtrei, G.-M., bore in the oak; the larvae of JEgeria 

 apiformis, Clerck, bore in the willow; the larvae of Sesia acerni, Clemens, 

 bore in the maple; and there are others of like habits. 



Turning our attention to the trees again. There is a White Cedar. 

 Cedar is not plentiful on the Eastern Township farms. The man who owns 

 a cedar swamp owns a mine of wealth for Cedar is of great value for shingles. 

 There are. however, extensive tracts of cedar elsewhere. At Grand Metis, 

 a company, called the "Grand Metis Lumber Company" is operating. This 

 firm cuts, I am told, from 150,000 to 200,000 logs per year, out of which 

 they manufacture from 50,000,000 to 65,000,000 shingles in the same period. 

 They ship their output by rail to the New England States. One thousand 

 feet, log measure, will yield about 8,000 shingles (32 bundles of 250 shingles 

 each). 



First quality shingles are worth from $4.00 to $4.35 per thousand, deliv- 

 ered at New England points. The duty at the border is 30 cents per 

 thousand. 



Cedar, to the lumber firms, is about twice as remunerative as spruce. 



