GLACIERS OF THE CANADIAN ROCKIES AND SELKIRKS. 65 



inconspicuous. Some near the center have cut their way a few feet into the ice. 

 None of them reach the margin of the glacier, but find their way to the base 

 through crevasses, or mouHns. Opposite peak No. 7 a small stream of pure 

 water from the valley enters the side of the glacier. The drainage from the Wenk- 

 chemna Lake, which collects the waters from the base of Mt. Hungabee, reaches the 

 glacier through the great accumulation of morainic blocks (plate xxiv, figure 3). 

 No surface lakelets were observed upon the glacier, although numerous depres- 

 sions occur, suggestive of the former sites of lakelets. The water is probably 

 lacking now because of the small amount of surface melting. There was practi- 

 cally no marginal drainage observed. At the east end, between the side of the 

 mountain and the glacier, there occurs a small lakelet and opposite Mt. Delta- 

 form, at the front, there is a very shallow lakelet, or marsh, of insignificant 

 proportions. 



The various subglacial drainage streams are collected beneath the glacier into 

 a single stream which gushes from the extreme eastern compound nose and cascades 

 over the coarse blocks of the frontal moraine in several channels. These fonn a 

 single broad drainage brook (plate xxiii, figure i), about 100 feet across, shallow 

 and rapid, which enters Moraine Lake one-half mile below, dropping 210 feet 

 in the distance. The volume could not be measured, but was estimated at about 

 90 cubic feet per second, being somewhat in excess of the volume of the Victoria 

 drainage brook. The volume did not fluctuate during the day nearly so much as 

 is usual for glacial brooks, suggesting that the supply is not so dependent upon 

 immediate melting of the ice. This is further indicated by the temperature of 

 the water, which remained during the middle week in August very steadily 

 at 35.6° P., and rarely varying more than 0.2° to 0.3°, no matter at what time 

 of the day taken. September 8, 1905, it was stLll 35.6° at 12:30 p.m. A sur- 

 prising feature of the brook is its remarkable freedom from glacial sediment, 

 the water issuing from the glacier perfectly pure. Flowing over coarse gravel 

 and boulders it acquires no sediment upon the way to the lake and has formed 

 not even the suggestion of a delta at the head of Moraine Lake (plate xxv) . 

 This indicates that the subglacial erosion is practically nothing and has remained 

 so for centuries, testifying to the sluggish condition of the glacier. In flowing the 

 half mile to the lake the temperature of the water in August was raised from 

 35.6° to 36° or 37°. The lake is about a mile long, has an elevation of 6,190 

 feet, is apparently shallow, and filled with the purest water of an intense blue 

 color. Passing the length of the lake the temperature in August is raised to 

 about 44° F. The freedom of the water from sediment permits it to exhibit its 

 natural color, a simple glance at which, as far away as the color could be dis- 

 tinguished, enables one to safely predict the absence of sediment from the brook 

 emptying into the lake. Should the glacier become active and start to erode its 

 bed the color of the lake would change to some shade of green. 



5. Moraines. 

 Except for the comparatively narrow strip of n6v6 along the base of 



