GLACIERS OF THE CANADIAN ROCKIES AND SELKIRKS. 77 



down into the ice at angles of 42°, 48°, 53°, 54°, 56°, and. 61°. Upon the walls 

 of the crevasses they may be seen to curve around into a position parallel with the 

 valley floor. At the surface the position and approximate thickness of the bands 

 are indicated by the dirt stripes. Differential movements of the ice, after the 

 formation of the bands, have given rise to curved, twisted, and contorted patterns 

 in numerous places towards the center (plate xiii, figure 2). 



The fine development of glacial granules and capillaries in the Yoho Glacier 

 has been already noted tipon pages 39 and 41. They here attain the largest size 

 of any seen in the series of glaciers studied and appear to have about the same 

 amount of orientation near the nose. 



7. Drainage. 



Owing to the crevassed condition of the main glacier, there is little oppor- 

 tunity for the development of surface drainage streams, the water soon making its 

 way to the bottom of the bed. In the upper portion where the crevasses are not so 

 numerous toward the center, there seems to be too little melting to call for much 

 surface drainage. The drainage upon the distributary has already been referred 

 to. There enters its side a strong flow of water from the hanging-valley to the 

 east (plate xxix, figure 2), derived from the glaciers lying between Mt. Balfour and 

 Mt. Gordon. Opposite the head of the rock embossment there is a short strip 

 of marginal drainage as shown in the map, but the stream is small and the flow 

 weak. Upon the opposite side of the valley two streams with a brisk flow 

 enter the side of the Yoho from the broad, glaciated valley noted, while a third 

 flows down the northern slope from the glacier upon Mt. Collie. Marginal or 

 surface lakelets were nowhere observed. Augmented with the flow from the 

 hanging valley, there rushes from beneath the nose of the distributary a torrent 

 of slightly turbid water, which flows for 4,000 feet over the debris-strewn floor 

 and enters the side of the Yoho. At the upper end of the line of avalanched 

 wood described, this stream has cut a gorge, 40 to 50 feet deep, across a ridge 

 of limestone strata. The gorge extends beneath the present margin of the ice 

 and, in all probability, has been cut very largely under subglacial conditions, 

 this part of the valley being under ice when the distributary completely encircled 

 the rock embossment. This stream flows for 1,600 feet beneath the ice of the 

 lower Yoho and contributes the bulk of the water which issues from the cavern 

 at the nose, the North Fork of the Kicking Horse.' This stream, although 

 shallow at first, is rapid and has a breadth of 240 feet, spreading over the gravel 

 flat with a network of channels. About one-quarter mile from the exit the chan- 

 nels are collected into a single one, forming a river of very respectable size, 

 considering its }'Outh. The water is somewhat turbid, but much less so than that 

 which ordinarily issues from the Victoria. This is because the drainage from the 

 glacier itself is so largely diluted with that from the adjoining valleys, derived 

 in considerable part from the simple melting of snow and carrying a minimum 

 of sediment. Owing to the volume and velocity of the stream, much of the rock 



' Marked Yoho River upon the latest maps of the^CanadianJTopographic Survey. 



