DISINFECTION STUDIES 185 



bility 1000 times, and of twenty degrees, one million times, while 

 the rate of development is reduced one-third to one-ninth, it 

 therefore follows that at 0°C. many more successive generations 

 may exist simultaneously than at 10° or 20°C. Madsen and 

 Streng (1910) found that the conservation of agglutinins was 

 affected in a like manner; and Kanitz (1915) in his monograph on 

 the subject collects many of the data for convenient comparison. 



The role of temperature in the growth of bacteria has been 

 recognized from the very beginning. Its effects are found alike 

 in those life phases in a bacterial culture characterized by 

 Buchanan (1918) as the logarithmic growth phase, the maximum 

 stationary phase, and the logarithmic death phase. The present 

 experiments extend the application to the period of accelerated 

 death. 



Ward (1895) by painstaking bacterioscopic studies worked 

 out a curve showing the relation between the rate of growth of 

 B. ramosus and the temperature of its environment. Barber 

 (1908), doing the same thing with Bad. coli, found growth at 

 30°C. increased two to three times over that at 20°C., and 

 Lane-Claypon (1909) confirmed this observation. Slator (1919) 

 demonstrated the same relationship to hold for the growth and 

 maintenance of yeasts. 



Houston (1914) showed that as the temperature was decreased 

 the viability of Bad. coli and Bad. typhosum in water was in- 

 creased. The crude experiments of Konradi (1904) showed a 

 similar relationship for staphylococci and other organisms; and 

 Li\'ingston (1921) finds this true for hemolytic streptococci. The 

 magnitude of the temperature effect observed by these authors 

 may only be inferred, however, for their data are mainly qualita- 

 tive in nature. Paul, Birstein and Reuss (1910) give quan- 

 titative data upon the viability of staphylococci and find a tem- 

 perature coefficient of 2 to 3 for a 10° rise. In the process of 

 disinfection we have numerous examples and a mass of exact 

 data that show the general application of this rule. In this con- 

 nection we need only mention the classic researches of Paul and 

 Kriinig (1896), Madsen and Nyman (1907), Paul (1909) and 

 of Chick (1908, 1910, 1912). In the heat steriUzation of bac- 



