190 [August. 



Bequaert, J., " Parasitic Muscid Larvae collected from the African 

 Elephant and the Whitk Ehinoceros by the Congo Expedition." Bulletin 

 of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 35, pp. 377-387, June, 1916. 

 It is interestino^ to mention tliis paper in connection with the above. The 

 species discussed are Neocuterebra squamosa, Griinberg, from the sole of the 

 foot of an elephant ; and Gyrostigma pavesii, Corti, from the stomach of the 

 rhinoceros. 



Icuieiu. 



" The Classification of Lbpidoptbrous Larvae, with ten Plates," 

 by Stanley Black Fracker : Contributions from the Entomological Labo- 

 rities of the University of Illinois. No. 43. 1915. pp. 169. 



The study of the disposition of the tubercles of Lepidopterous larvae was 

 perhaps begun by Buckler, but was first placed on a sound basis by Dyar. In 

 England Bacot did some work on the subject, but for the most part we may say 

 that the matter has been most advanced in America. The essay before us by 

 Mr. Fracker is a monograph in whicli a further advance is made in the study 

 of these larvae. Other larval structures as well as the tubercles are used in 

 the classification. Much of it is based on last stage larvae, in which of course 

 the tubercles are less instructive. 



The first 40 pages are devoted to the " Homology of the Setae." Some 

 confusion as to the naming of the setae (tubercles) is discussed, and they are 

 re-named with Greek letters (o,-, 0, y, etc.), not as being better than numbers, 

 but to escape the ambiguity which now attaches to the use of numbers 

 (i, ii, iii, etc.). Some general principles of development and ontogeny are 

 stated. Primary and siib-primary setae are defined. 



The next part is a " Systematic outline of Families and Genera." The 

 structures used are " the head sclerites, head setae, and ocelli ; the armature 

 of the body, especially the setae, the shape of the spiracles, the number of 

 prolegs and the arrangements of the crochets they bear ; and the presence on 

 the body of hiimps and gibbosities, eversible glands or peculiar modifications 

 of the usual organisation." Forbes is followed in regard to head characters, 

 and the arrangement of the ocelli is found to be of great importance, especially 

 in classifying the Micro-Lepidoptera. The arrangement of the crochets on the 

 prolegs is more fully discussed. 



A Table follows by which the families may be distinguished by larval 

 characters ; this is to some extent a classification, but does not place all families 

 in quite their natural positions. 



The several families are then taken in the order in which the author 

 classifies them, and details of larval strvicture are given under each. The 

 primary sub-orders Jugatae and Frenatae are accepted. Under Micropterygidae, 

 the larva examined was evidently a leaf -mining Eriocraniid, but is stated to 

 have been that of Epimartyria a^lricrmella ; this however, is, as stated and 



