r72 THE JOURNAL OF BOTANT 



itself felt. Though the Phycologia General is of Kuetztng (Leip- 

 zig, 184:3) shows no advance as systematic work, since Kuetzing had 

 peculiar ideas of his own with regard to classification, and a great 

 turn for making new genera out of old ones, which did not convince 

 Schleiden i, it is always interesting to turn to this remarkable pioneer 

 volume, which may be said to introduce the atmosphere of the 

 elementary laboratory practice of the present day into the subject, 

 based on the methods of section-cutting and the use of reagents. 

 The Florideae are termed Keterocarpece, and other algse IsocarpecB ; 

 the latter being curiously divided as Gymnospermous and Angio- 

 spermous : the lower Phaeosporeae are still mixed up, Mesogloia 

 being near Bafrachospermum, and Ectocarpus next to Drapariialdia. 

 But the volume gives special attention to anatomical and physiological 

 considerations, while a large number of careful anatomical drawings 

 and figures of the reproductive organs put the available material 

 in quite a new light. Many of these illustrations have done duty 

 in text-books to recent times 2. Though not perfect to modern ej^es, 

 they are quite different from anything attempted previousl}^ — at a 

 time too when cell-theory was still vague, and even ' protoplasm ' 

 had not been established by Von Mohl. Kuetzing also seems to 

 have been the first to introduce the objectionable practice of print- 

 ing the details of ' brown,' * green,' or ' red ' algje in respectively 

 coloured inks ^. 



V. Mdderx Botaxy. 



" In the years immediately before and after 1840, a new life 

 began to stir in all parts of botanical research, in anatomy, physiology 

 and morphology " (Sachs) ^. The important additions to the botanical 

 outlook associated with the names of Schleiden, Yon Mohl, Naegeli, 

 Hofmeister, and many others constitute the stimulus which prepared 

 tlie way for conceptions of phylogen}"" and descent implied by the 

 observations of Darwin and his associates ; and the aggregation of 

 these standpoints has made modern botany a subject altogether 

 beyond the dreams of the older school of naturalists. The application 

 of these views to Sea-weeds again came from the other side of the 

 English Channel, and the reseai'ches of Bobis^et and Thueet on 

 Antherozoids and sexual fertilization in Brown and Bed Algae mark 

 the starting-point of new lines of progress. The actual fertilization 

 of Fuciis was observed by Thuret at Cherbourg (1854), though the 

 significance of the sexual organs had been fairW known since 184-3, 

 and the theory of sexuality was rendered clear in both Brown 

 and Bed Algae •^. Work on the French shores has been followed up 

 by Janczewski (Antibes), Guignard (Cherbourg), Crouan (Brest), 



^ F. T. Kuetzing (Leipzig, 1843), Phycologia (reneraJis oder Anatomie, Phy- 

 siologie iind Systemkunde der Tange. Schleiden (Eng. Tmns. Lankester (1849), 

 p. 140) knew so little of the sea as to regard all algse as polymorphic expressions 

 of one type of plant. 



- Hauck (1885), Oltmanns (1904). 



'-' Cf. Zanardini, Icon. PhijcoJou. Adnatica (1860) ; Okamura, Tokyo (1902). 



■^ Sachs' Hixtoiui of Botany, Eng. Trans, p. 182. 



■' Bornet and Thuret (1878) collected papers in Etudes PJiylocoJofiiqnes. 



