140 



34. Jacobson, Insecta Novaja-Zeniljejisia. 1898. 



35. Schneider, Humlerne . . . 1895. 



36. — Hummelleben im arktischen (lebiete. All- 

 gem. Ztschr. f. Ent. 1904. 



37. Schul the.ss- Re c hb erg , Zur Hummel- 

 fauna Corsicas. 1886. 



38. F rey - Gessner , Bombus agrorum F. und 

 B. variabili-s Schm. 1890. 



39. — Die wei-ssen Alpenhummeln. 1890. 



40. — B. alticola Kr., rachellus K. und pyre- 

 naeus P. 1890. 



41. Klapalek. Die Hummeln Böhmens. 1905. 



42. Seidl, Die Hummeln Böhmens. 1837. 



43. H a r r i s , Exposition of English Insects. 1782. 



44. Thomson, Hymenoptera Scandinaviae. 

 1871/78. 



45. Nv l'an der, Noti.s. Saellsk. F. & Fl. Fenn. 

 1848. 



46. Gr e r s t ä c k e r , (B. mueidus) Stett. Ent. Zcit- 

 schr. 1869. 



47. P é r é z , (B. mollis) Act. d. 1. Soc. Linn. d. 

 Bordeaux. 1879. 



48. T u r n i e r , (B. sa.ssaricus u. B. sardiniensis) 

 L'entomolog. Genevois. 1890. 



49. Kriochbaumer, (ß. xanthopus) Verh. d. 

 zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 1870. 



50. K r a u s z e , Eine neue Hummelt'orm aus Lapp- 

 land : B. lapponicus pulchrior. Entomol. 

 Wochenbl., XXV. 1908. 



51. — Zwei neue Hummelformen von Sardinien: 

 B. terrestris limbarae u. B. terrestris gallurae. 

 Entomol. Wochenbl., XXV, 1908. 



52. Hof fer, Ueber das Farbenvariieren der 

 Hummeln. Mitt. d. nat. Ver. Steiermark, 1904. 



53. K r a u s z e , Eine neue Hummelform von Sar- 

 dinien : B. hortorum Wolffi. Entomol. Wochen- 

 bl., XXV, 1908. 



54. — Zwei neue Hummelformen aus Schweden: 

 B. pratorum aureus m. und B. soroensis 

 quattricolor m. Intern. Ent. Zeitschr. 1908. 



55. — Eine neue Hummelform aus Sardinien : 

 B. hortorum arborensis m. Intern. Ent. Zeit- 

 .schr. 1908. 



56. — Bornims terrestris dettoi m. Intern. Ent. 

 Zeitschr. 1908. 



(43.14, .71, 44.94, 45.9, 47.41, 48.46) 



57.8 



The Family Tree of Moths and Butterflies 

 traced in their Organs of Sense 



by A. H. S w n t o n. 

 (continuation.) 



5. In the days of the conflict of the plutonic 

 and aqueous theories of Werner and Hutton it 

 was the custom to regard fossils as relics of the 

 Garden of Eden though some considered them 

 as casts employed in creation and then the truth 

 dawned on geologists that innumerable forms of 



life had appeared on our planet and become ex- 

 tinct , Alfred Tennyson wrote in respect to this 

 operation of Nature, 'So careful of the types but 

 no , a thousand types are gone'. It was then 

 supposed religion and science were antagonistic, 

 but never myself until I passed a summer at 

 Jerusalem was I firmly convinced of the wonder 

 working of evolution inadvertently advocated by the 

 late Canon Tristram : there is seen the red earth 

 of which autochthonic man was formed and in 

 the desert cisterns around crawl skinks and glass 

 snakes that retain the vestiges of their lizard 

 legs and recall the story of his fall from in- 

 tegrity : there the coney, said by Cuvier to be a 

 miniature rhinocerus , inhabits the rocks ; the 

 mole rat burrows under the walls of the Holy 

 City, and the camel-thorn, like our furze an ex- 

 ponent of adaptation , is rooted on them. So in 

 relation to the world of insects , one day I re- 

 ceived from Miss Fitzjohn a bottle of cockroaches 

 found on her establisment, their wings were not 

 curtailed from domestication like those that have 

 rediscovered the tropics in the English kitchen 

 but of various lengths and one I have failed to 

 distingui-sh from the others had its wings quite 

 perfect : active beetles again can run or swim 

 and possess all their leg joints that others have 

 lost from apathy and indolence , so that the 

 Heteromera which includes the Black Beetles, 

 are hopeless cripples that have a.ssumed the 

 churchyard gait and present the appearance of 

 respectable beetle families that are dying out : 

 no one can saunter round the walls of Jerusalem 

 without encountering lepers and representatives 

 of the Black Beetles. The Geometrina among 

 moths in like manner only resemble one another 

 in being the oftspring of those looping caterpillars 

 the old Greeks called kampe, and those of the 

 Blotched Emerald, Phorodeoma bajularia, to be 

 seen crawling over the budding oaks of the New 

 Forest carrying about their transportable caddis- 

 tly cases constructed of bits of leaves relate how 

 in ages gone they lost their prolegs as the China 

 woman gets rid of her toes cramped up in pointed 

 slippers : a reference to Kirby's Butterflies and 

 Moths where the similar caterpillar of the Essex 

 Emerald is depicted crawling in its case on a 

 stem of Yarrow will help to make this clear. 

 A number of the Geometrical moths , that toy 

 in the air like butterflies and the birds of the 

 willow pattern , have scent fans contained in a 

 pocket on the tibiae of their hind legs which 

 then have a swollen appearance, and on detaching 

 one of these and cutting it in two with a pin 

 the fan may be found folded brush-like within ; 

 they are not however omnipresent for the pretty 

 wing checkers present the lure of a Scotch plaid 

 in the day flying Fidonidae that frequent the 

 heather and certain of the group have the charm 

 of a carpet pattern. 



