im 



1882 we are told Colonel Bowker actually sur- 

 jjrised the Mother of Pearl Butterfly of Natal 

 paired with Aphelia ApoUlnaris a day flying 

 moth: in England on the 1(5 of June 1886 Mr. 

 Percy Kendal saw Hipparchia tithonus coupled 

 with the ('ommon Meadow IJrown , which 1 can 

 quite imagine, as on the 30 of August 1907 I 

 noticed the same hutterily endeavouring to pair 

 with Pieris rapl on a cowparsnip flower, whither 

 she had flown with a more suitable partner secured 

 on a neighbouring cabbage plot. Hence it is 

 difficult to say why Vanessa iiidica, found in 

 India and also in Madeira where its caterpillar 

 feeds on nettle has the form and colour of Vanessa 

 atalanta and the markings of Cynthia cardui : 

 the red colour no doubt is the result of the food 

 for it is certain that all red butterflies and moths 

 the produce of dock , nettle and ragweed , the 

 first two of which yield a red dye , have their 

 _\-ellow variety ; many of the Common Tiger Moths 

 with yellow underwings have been bred I am 

 told from white dead nettle and Mr. William 

 Smith of Birmingham who reared a yellowish 

 Red Admiral remarked that it had a gold spotted 

 caterpillar. Some think Vanessa indica the 

 original tropical form of atalanta while it might 

 be a hybrid. 



Certain of the Nymphalidae emit sounds in 

 the air. An inquirer in Science Gossip for 1878 

 asks. Have you observed a kind of metallic 

 sound when Cynthia cardui is on the wing? and 

 Mr. J. 1. Fountain says in the Country Side 

 for November 1906 that when missed by the 

 stroke of the net the Painted Lady will return 

 with a distinct click-click! Perhaps this is an 

 incentive to the periodical migration of the Belle 

 Dame in Europe wild fowl clangour on the wing. 

 The parchment crackle of the Whip Butterflies, 

 Ageronia feronia, ferentina and amphinone, that 

 feed on fallen oranges and alight with expanded 

 wings , head downward . on the trunks of the 

 Cassia or Mimosa where they , are protected by 

 their purple tints has been commented on by 

 Darwin , Wallace , Van Volxen and Edwards, 

 and compared to a watchman's rattle and to the 

 click-click ! of a toothed wheel ; emitted by both 

 sexes when they are chasing one another the 

 crackling of aniphione Edwards thinks is more 

 grating, he heard a similar sound proceed from 

 the butterflies of the genus Prepona .also in- 

 habitants of Tropical America , when they took 

 flight from the tree trunks ; and Fritz Müller 

 on the thirtieth of October 1876 saw two other 

 butterflies chasing one another with a clicking 

 .sound and settling with their wings horizontally 

 expanded on the bamboos at the mouth of the 

 Rio Trombudo in Brazil, one he captured proved 

 to be Eunica Magarita. It would seem that 

 these aerial mu-sicians produce their cries like 

 the sedentary ones , but contrariwise the file of 



the species of Ageronia that gives rise to it is 

 found on the curved vein at the base of the hind 

 wing over which the inflated median vein of the 

 fore wing grates. Further the males of Danais 

 have a singular pouch on their hind wings and 

 the caterpillars of the Green Hair Streak Butterfly 

 emit a chirping noise when disturbed. 



7. According to Dr. Chapman the caterpillars 

 of the blunt-winged Tortricina that roll up the 

 hedge-row leaves into cigarette cases , and which 

 Ovid saw destroying the vineyards in Italy, have 

 a resemblance to those of the Goat Moth and 

 Swifts , that of Tortrix viridana which confers 

 the aspect of winter on our oak woods in the 

 spring is familiar, and the little grey Paecilo- 

 chroma corlicana proved to be so abundant in 

 Devonshire in 1881 that according to Mr. Robert 

 South it descended in a shower when an oak 

 trunk was jarred ; like many of the group the 

 male of this moth has thickened hind legs and 

 hair tufts are attached to these which are stained 

 with a secretion. Cymatophora duplaris elsewhere 

 placed appears to be a veritable Tortrix. 



8. The poet Pope derived from the old 

 chroniclers, who devoutly told their rosaries, the 

 idea of 'beings endless chain' connecting bird, 

 beast and insect ; a celestial harmony that has 

 been running up the scales although the octaves 

 alone are heard : before the time of Sir Charles 

 Lyell the successive generations of life and 

 consequent imperfection of the geological record 

 was not much regarded , it was supposed , as 

 suggested in Genesis , that the simpler forms 

 appeared before the more complex ; according to 

 Hugh Miller it was Lindley who first arranged 

 the vegetable kingdom as Thallogens, Acrogens, 

 Gymnogens , Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons ; 

 and Cuvier was the first who marshalled the 

 animal as Radiata, Articulata, Mollusca, Fishes, 

 Reptiles , Birds , Mammalia and Man : an order 

 intended to show their complexity and indicate 

 their appearance in succession on our planet: 

 here connecting links are hardly absent, the first 

 two groups are more or less jointed, the first 

 three shelly , Cephalopods, Fish Lizards, Flying 

 Lizards , Whales and Monkeys , show a former 

 gradation to the other forms. The caddis-flies 

 that glitter in the nuptial dance over the Thames 

 and Ornamental Waters of the London Parks, 

 where their wings gleam with the loveliness of 

 the ruby , the emerald and the sapphire ; differ 

 from the Tineina in being hairy , and yet the 



: lancet-winged, purple-dj'ed Adela, with hair-like 

 antennae , that on the sidelong beauty-dance in 

 the silent sunshine of the ferny glade and the 

 yellow Nenipliora that resume the woodland 

 frolic at dusk, are both hairy and scaly, as are 

 also the minuter , buttercup frequenting Jlicro- 

 pteryx that prolong the sport. To these according 

 to Mr. A. G. Butler are related the widely 



