436 DIE PROTROPHIE. 



Ewing's list. Probably many of these are correct, but from the 

 station given for Viola lactea Sm., one is tempted to suggest whether 

 such a form of V. canina as passed for " lactea'' at Yarmouth may 

 not rather be the plant. I believe one error has crept in, i.e. 

 " Sium latifolium West Kilbride " ; the authority given knows 

 nothing of that plant having been gathered there, and specimens I 

 have seen thence are a large state of S. erectum (S. arKjustifolium). 

 Is Scrophlularia umbrosa so common in Ayr? " Mentha pr-atensis 

 Sole " probably means M. (jentllis L. An interesting note on Salix 

 herbacea L. is worth quoting: "It has two sets of leaves during the 

 season, the first set loaded with galls, the second set entirely free 

 from them. If it were not for the second set, it would certainly 

 cease to exist in a short time." I suppose this must be a local 

 habit; or is such a fact generally known? '' Carex ovalis var. 

 bracteata Syme. This is not a good variety, as both kinds are 

 found springing from the same root, still its long bract gives it a 

 very different appearance from ovalis.'" One is greatly puzzled to 

 know what Sparganium acutifolia is. Mr. Smith puts no authority 

 after it. Is it a new species ? if so, there is no description. 

 As the other species are duly credited with authorities, it would 

 seem that the above must be the explanation. Potamogeton Jili- 

 formis Pers. is recorded from Ardrossan. I have seen P. flabellatus 

 (not so recorded here) from that place ; but of course Jilifonnis is 

 not unlikely to occur, though a critical plant to determine. P. 

 zosterifolius Schum. is recorded ; if this is correct, it is a notable 

 addition, as the species is only known to occur in Forfarshire : Dr. 

 White was never able to confirm the Perthshire record, though the 

 species was diligently sought by the late Mr. Sturrock. 



Here and there the author gives the names of moths and 

 butterflies whose caterpillars feed on the various species. He does 

 not confirm one interesting s])ecies, i.e., CorallorJdza innata, re- 

 ported in the British Flora from " sandy places near the sea, by 

 Irvine, Mr. Goldie " ; in the first edition it reads, "sandy places 

 near the sea close to Ayr, Mr. Goldie." Mr. Watson, though he 

 accepted the record in Cybele Britannica, doubted it in Topographical 

 Botany. A. B. 



Die Protrophie, eine neue ebensgeineinschqft in ihren auffdlligsteti er- 

 scheinungen. Von Arthur Minks. Berlin (Friedlander & Sohn). 

 1896. 



In one of his former works on the morphology and biology of 

 lichens. Dr. Minks has described amongst these plants a form of 

 symbiosis, to which he gives the name of " Syntrophie." He 

 believes that many of the species of lichens as we now know them 

 are the result of an association, in this form of symbiosis, of two 

 or more distinct species. In the present work he states that there 

 occurs amongst lichens yet another form of symbiosis, to which he 

 gives the name of " Protrophie." The results of " Protrophie" are 

 very similar to those of " Syntrophie," but while in the latter case 

 the symbiosis is a permanent one, in the former the symbiosis only 



