278 KAN-ICHIRO MORISHIMA 



tor until the end of the experiment. Endo plates were occasionally- 

 inoculated from the sugar media in order to control possible contami- 

 nation of the latter. 



I. Variations in the Utilization of Carbohydrates 



Variations in the biological behavior of the typhoid bacillus 

 have been the subject of a great deal of investigation but, in the 

 earlier work, especially, the identification of the races under 

 observation was often incomplete (at least as far as one can 

 judge from the publications) and all the reported results cannot 

 be accepted without analysis. 



Some of the earliest work was done on indol formation and 

 on the fermentation of lactose. 



Miss Peckham (1897) induced indol formation in a number of 

 strains of Bad. typhosimi. 



Wilson (1902) isolated a strain from a typhoid carrier which pro- 

 duced acidity in lactose media at 22°C. while it did not produce it at 

 37°C. and the strain agglutinated only in 1:50 dilution of a typhoid 

 serum of high titre. In other respects it resembled tj^pical typhoid 

 strains. 



Klotz (1904) isolated from the St. Lawrence River water, a typhoid- 

 like organism which he called B. perturhans. It fermented lactose and 

 sucrose, formed indol, produced acidity in milk without coagulation 

 and agglutinated with 1 : 2480 dilution of anti-typhoid serum. 



McNaught (1905) isolated two organisms which he named B. typhosus 

 similans, one of them from harbor water, the other from a well. The 

 former did not produce indol and the latter did. Neither aggluti- 

 nated in anti-typhoid serum. Both were motile when isolated but after 

 some days of cultivation lost their motility. 



Klotz's strain isolated from the water of the St. Lawrence River; 

 McNaught's B. typhosus similans; and Wilson's strain isolated from a 

 typhoid carrier's stool cannot be definitely accepted as real typhoid 

 bacilli, because they were not sufficiently investigated to determine 

 this fact positively. 



Mandelbaum (1912) obtained a bacillus from the blood or feces of 

 more than fifty patients with clinical typhoid fever in Munich, which he 

 named B. metatyphi. This bacillus resembled Bad. typhosum in all 

 respects except that it produced alkali instead of acid in media con- 



