372 LAURA FLORENCE 



graphed spiral bodies found in cultures of an anaerobe, Bacillus 

 asiaticus, isolated by him from stools of cholera patients and 

 grown in gelatin stab cultures. He agreed with the hypothesis 

 of Loeffler that these were made up of clusters of detached flagella, 

 since they could not be gotten rid of in long series of transfers 

 and varied considerably in length and thickness. Also they could 

 not be evolution forms of the bacteria, as dead spirals were numer- 

 ous in twenty-four hour cultures. In the same year Moore (1893) 

 wrote, 



In the microscopical examination of well-executed preparations for 

 exhibiting the flagella three conditions have been universally observed : 

 (1) . . . . ; (2) there were a considerable number of detached 

 or free flagella lying between the bacteria; and (3) the numbers of 

 flagella on the different bacilli were not constant. 



A more detailed account of these spiral bodies, also illustrated 

 by photographs, was published by Novy (1894), when he de- 

 scribed a new anaerobic bacillus of malignant oedema. He first 

 found them unstained in smears stained with Gentian violet of the 

 peritoneal fluid of guinea pigs and rabbits dead from inoculation, 

 and then well stained in smears prepared after Loeffler 's method. 

 He found identical spirals in pure cultures of the organism and 

 thought the nature of the media to be in some way connected with 

 their formation. They occurred rarely in bouillon cultures. 

 They were more numerous in gelatin cultures, most plentiful in 

 agar cultures, and in the two last cases they were found in the con- 

 densation water. Loeffler 's work, but not that of Sakharoff, was 

 known to Novy and he confirmed the presence of these spirals 

 in cultures of the bacillus of black leg and found them also in 

 cultures of the bacillus of malignant oedema and of tetanus. 

 He was not, however, like Loeffler convinced that they were 

 clusters of f.agella and he suggested the possibility of their being 

 single deformed flagella, analogous to the involution forms found 

 among bacteria, and named them ''Riesengeisseln. " 



When studying the morphology of the tetanus bacillus Kanthack 

 and Connell (1897) found two types of flagella which they named 

 primary and secondary. Photographs of the latter show them 



