54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 



ance of the High-bush Cranberry (or Guelder Rose, also called Snowball 

 tree), distorting and curling up the leaves, were extremely satisfactory at Ot- 

 tawa. The latter insect is so prevalent that it is a rare thing to see a tree 

 which instead of being an ornament is not a disgusting mass of distorted 

 leaves, swarming with plant lice. Bushes spraj-ed with the lime and sulphur 

 wash, just before the buds burst, were perfectly clean, with only a few dis- 

 t( rted leaves on the tips of some of the top twigs which evidently had been 

 missed when the bushes were sprayed. The fungicidal value of this wash 

 was also plainly manifest on apple trees, which were sprayed for the destruc- 

 tion of the eggs of the apple aphis. 



The common Oyster Shell Scale, which all through Canada every year 

 does so much harm is easily controlled by means of the lime and sulphur 

 wash. This wash is for winter use only, as it is destructive to all kinds of 

 fcliage. 



The New York Plum Scale (Lecanium cerasifelr, Fitch). This soft scale 

 was seen in several places in the Niagara district but does not seem to have 

 done very much harm. Its habits are different from those of the two scales 

 mentioned above. The San Jose Scale passes the winter as a half-grown scale 

 attached to the bark, with its delicate threadlike beak sunk into the tissues 

 of the wood, whence it can never withdraw them. The New York Plum 

 scale, on the other hand, migrates in the autumn to the twigs where the young 

 and very small scale insects cluster together and pass the winter. In the 

 spring they again move and take up suitable places for growth upon the young 

 and forming wood. Here they grow rapidly during May, and in the fol- 

 lowing month the females produce eggs beneath the scales from which about 

 mid-summer the young bark-lice emerge and distribute themselves over the 

 trees. The Oyster-shell and Scurfy scales on the other hand pass the winter 

 as eggs beneath the protecting scales of the dead females. These different 

 habits should be borne in mind when a remedy is being adopted. The San 

 Jose Scale breeds continuously during the summer and up to frost, producing 

 an incredible number of young. It is this enormous ratio of production, 

 and the long period during which young are continuously brought forth, 

 which renders this insect such a serious pest. The three other scales men- 

 tioned have only one brood of young in the year. 



The New York Plum Scale is best treated by spraying the trees, upon 

 which it occurs, early in spring before the buds burst, with a strong kerosene 

 emulsion dilution, a whale-oil soap solution, or with the lime and sulphur 

 wash. If trees are found to be infested after the leaves have opened, the 

 kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap solution may be used advantageously. 

 When the scales are large and swollen, and this is the time they are gener- 

 ally noticed, they are capable of doing very little harm. It is better there- 

 fore to wait until the young insects leave the scales and are noticed crawling 

 about on the trees. Spraying at that time will destroy large numbers with- 

 out any fear of injuring the trees. 



A noticeable feature of the past season has been the small amount of in- 

 jury attributable to many of the well known destructive enemies of the or- 

 chard and garden. The Codling Moth, which is every year the cause of se- 

 rious loss in the apple crop, did remarkably small injury and hardly occurred 

 at all in those sections of the province east of Toronto where there appears to 

 be only one brood. West of that point the first brood was little noticed, but 

 the second brood in some places was the cause of some loss. The remedies for 

 the Codling moth are a combination of spraying in spring and banding the 

 trees with burlap in late summer. With regard to this latter method it must 

 be pointed out that unless the burlap bands are taken off regularly and either 



