1912 



ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 



17 



the plan of combining their forces. They appear to understand the importance of 

 the "Law of the Jungle," as stated by Kipling. "The strength of the pack is the 

 wolf and the strength of the wolf is the pack." 



The galls produced by Sawflies were very plentiful on the willows this season. 

 Salix cordata appears to be scarcely ever free from the attacks of Pontania pomum, 

 Walsh and Salix alia quite as frequently infested by Pontania hyalind, Norton, while 

 Salix discolor can often be with certainty identified from the fact of the leaves 

 almost always carrying the spherical galls of Pontania pisum. So close is the 

 restriction of the sawfly gall producers to definite species of willow that this fact 

 is often of assistance to the botanist in identifying doubtful trees. This is especi- 

 ally the case if the species under consideration is not in fruit. There are four 

 undescribed species of S'awfly gall producers in this locality, each of which appears 

 to be restricted to a single species of willow. The petioles and midribs of the 

 leaves of Salix lucida are frequently enlarged into spindle-shaped fleshy galls, while 

 the petioles of Salix humilis bear a similar but much smaller gall. Salix serissima 

 is found in only a few stations in the vicinity of Toronto, but wherever found this 

 tree is infested by a new species of Euura that produces somewhat spherical shaped 



I 

 \ 



Fig. 11. White-grubs — a, beetle; h, pupa; c, egg; d, young grub; 



e, mature grub. 



galls on the petioles of the leaves and less frequently on the peduncles of the 

 pistillate catkins. The leaves of Salix humilis are scarcely ever free from the 

 attacks of an undescribed Pontania that produces a gall somewhat similar to the 

 species pomum, but it is smaller, densely pubescent and often found in clusters 

 of from three to five. Specimens of the producers of three of these galls have 

 been sent to S. A. Rohwer, Smithsonian Institution, and will be described by him- 

 in a paper soon to be published. Up to the present attempts to rear the producers 

 from the galls on the petioles of Salix humilis' ha\e been unsuccesisful. 



Division No. 4, East Toronto — C. W. Nash. 



The early part of the year 1911 was cold and backward, consequently insects 

 were scarce and inactive; butterflies, moths and dragonflies particularly so, until 

 the beginning of July, at which time I saw the first Monarch of the season, a 

 rather bedraggled specimen, which looked as if it had experienced rough times on 

 its journey from the south. At no time was this butterfly as abundant as usual. 

 The White Cabbage Butterfly was noticeably scarce in this district, so but little 

 damage was done by its larvae. Whether the diminution of its numbers was caused 

 by an increase of parasites or unfavourable weather conditions, I am unable to say. 

 I did not, however, notice an unusual number of parasitized chrysalids. 



2 E.S. 



