1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35 



Me. Gibson : Why do you recomnieud fairly high pressure and so heavy spray- 

 ing: Does the mixture not run ofi? 



Me. C^sae: If you watch the spraying of large trees — and most of our trees 

 are large — you will find that the outer leaves often intervene between the spray 

 and the inner fruits and leaves. Now, I find it almost impossible to get at these 

 more hidden parts without great care and considerable loss of spray. It is here 

 that high pressure comes to the aid and forces the outer leaves aside, driving the 

 spray right through the trees and placing it just where you want it. Again, if 

 a tree has had a great abundance of bloom you will be surprised if you examine 

 your work carefully to find out how very difficult it is to see that every calyx 

 is thoroughly covered; in fact, I do not think you can cover them without what 

 is equivalent to a drenching spray. I do not aim at driving the spray into the 

 inner cavity. I like to do so if I can, but I know 1 often cannot. It is thorough- 

 ness I am after. You will find trees that are sprayed in this way will be much 

 freer from Scab than those where you stop spraying as soon as the leaves begin 

 to drip. As for burning we use the lime-sulphur weak, and, by spraying before 

 the blossoms burst, we keep the leaves free from Scab or insect injuries, and such 

 leaves seldom have any burning. 



Me. Gibson: What strength do you use? 



Me. C^sae: 2 lbs. Arsenate of Lead to 40 gallons of diluted lime-sulphur. 

 We dilute a lime-sulphur of the strength of 1.310 sp. gr. to the proportions of 1 

 gal. to 40, by which we mean that we add 39 gallons of water to 1 gal. of lime- 

 sulphur. 



This year Mr. Chas. Good and I sprayed two orchards that had not been 

 sprayed for fifteen years. We wanted to test a new district. This was a very hard 

 year to get the work done soon enough, as the blossoms dropped much more rapidly 

 than we expected and the calyces closed in about five days. However, we got one 

 orchard pretty well sprayed. For the Codling Moth we only gave the one appli- 

 cation. The well sprayed orchard, so far as I could judge, had an average of 95 

 per cent, of clean fruit, even on trees where there were very few apples. The Spys 

 in the other orchard were equally as clean, as the calyces on this variety closed 

 last, but some of the earlier varieties had, as we expected, a considerable per- 

 centage of worms. I could not visit the orchard in time to see these earlier 

 varieties, so I have to rely solely on what I was told. The orchard was situated 

 near Eockwood, about nine miles .from Guelph, so that the percentage of second 

 brood would not be so large as in the Niagara District. One would not expect 

 so high a percentage of clean fruit the first year in the warmer parts of the province. 

 Mr. Johnson's splendid record is the result of three seasons' work and not of one. 



Peof. Swaine : Did you get any satisfaction from lead arsenate in controlling 

 Plum Curculio? 



Me. C^sae: I have not myself performed definite experiments on Plum Cur- 

 culio. I could not speak for certain on it, but the claim is made by men in 

 the United States that about 50 per cent, of the Plum Curculio can be controlled 

 by the spraying with arsenate of lead when the fruit is just forming, and then 

 again two weeks after. 



Peof. Sm^aine : Two or three of our Quebec apple growers sprayed very 

 thoroughly, and it was said this 3''ear it was imposisible to control it with arsenate 

 of lead. 



Me. C^sab : Personally, I rely more upon cultivation and the removal of all 

 sorts of rubbish from the orchard and its surroundings than I do upon spraying, 



