•32 THE REPOET OF THE No. 36 



Carolinian Zone is represented in Canada. This is a stiip of territory along the 

 North Shore of Lake Erie from the Niagara to the St. Clair Kiver. The mild 

 climate of this district is due to the modifying influence of the Great Lakes by 

 which it is partly enclosed. Here we have a fauna and flora more like that of 

 Northern Ohio and Southern Pennsylvania than that of most parts of Canada. 

 The coniferous trees form a very small part of the forest growth, while the de- 

 ciduous trees include many species not found in a wild state in any other part of 

 the country, such as the tulip, chestnut, sycamore, walnut, papaw, sassafras, a num- 

 ber of oaks and hickories, and, on Pelee Island, the honey-locust and the Kentucky 

 coffee-tree. The same is true of the fauna and notably so of the insects, for so 

 ^ many of these are dependent on particular food-plants. Among the butterflies, 

 e.g., there are several Papilios which are practically restricted to this Zone, viz., 

 P. thoas, ajax, troilus and philenor, and other species such as Zerene caesonia, 

 Eurema lisa, Euptoieta claudia, Basilarchia astyanax and Junonia caenia. Many 

 species of moths, notably among the genus Catocala, are also restricted to this sec- 

 tion of Ontario. The Orthoptera show a great increase in number of species here 

 as compared with other parts of Ontario. The green grasshoppers and katydids 

 are particuJarly numerous. Eight species of Orchelimum and five of Xiphidium 

 occur here, whereas north of Toronto only one species of Orchelimum and two 

 of Xiphidium occur. The true Katydid {Cyrtophyllus perspiciUatus) , the Ob- 

 long-winged Katydid (Amblycorypka ohlongifolia) , the Mole-cricket {Gryllotalpa 

 horealis), the Shield-back Grasshopper (Atlanticus pachymerus) and many other 

 species occur nowhere else in Canada except here. Other orders of insects are 

 similarly represented by numerous additional species, while there is an absence 

 of many of the forms that are common in the northern coniferous forests. North 

 of the Upper Austral Zone we pass into the Transition Zone, which is simply the 

 territory where the Boreal and Austral Eegions overlap and there is an inter- 

 mingling of types from both regions. 



The humid or eastern division of this zone is also known as Alleghanian 

 Zone. It includes parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, a small part of 

 southern Quebec and the greater part of Old Ontario. The forests are mixtures 

 of the deciduous and coniferous types. The oaks and hickories are greatly re- 

 duced in variety, the prevailing hardwoods being the maples, elms, beech, birch, 

 and basswood. Hemlock, red and white pine and white cedar are also abundant. 

 In the southern part of the Transition Zone we find extensions of the more re- 

 stricted austral fauna and flora in sheltered localities, such as river valleys and 

 southern slopes, and it is often in such places that we find the northern limits of 

 austral types. Thus, in Ontario the chestnut and walnut occur as far north as 

 Oakville, while the sycamore and sassafras reach Toronto in the Don and Humber 

 valleys. A number of austral insects also find their northern limit ' in this 

 vicinity. 



On the other hand, boreal conditions are met with in the Transition Zone, 

 in bogs, particularly sphagnum bogs, these constituting the boreal islands that 

 have already been alluded to. In such bogs the vegetation and the insect life, too, 

 are decidedly more northern than (.Jiat of the surrounding country. The trees are 

 largely tamarack, black spruce and willows, and the bog-plant society in general 

 consists of the same species as occur in the poat-bogs of the Canadian and Hud- 

 Bonian Zones. Similarly, bogs in the Upper Austral Zone are largely occupied by 

 species of the Transition and Boreal Zones. 



The arid or western division of the Transition Zone is fairlv extensive in 



