1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL S0C1P:TY. VA 



inent in Cimhex. The surface of the body in addition is densely covered with 

 minute granulations in this genus, the setae appear to be wanting on the dorsal 

 aspect and are few and fine on the pleural aspect while in Trichiosoma, although 

 they are small, they follow the ordinary arrangement described for the Emphytinse. 

 None of the large granulations' bear setae. 



Several subfamilies of Tenthredinida} have glands on the thorax or abdomen 

 which open on the external surface of the body. These glands excrete a fluid 

 which is used either for effecting the food plant or for protection. 



The most striking of the protective glands are peculiar to the Cimbicinae 

 (Fig. 6, pg.). If the spiracles of abdominal segments two to eight are examined, 

 a small round opening will be noted just above them. A watery fluid is poured 

 from these openings; it is this fluid that makes the body of the larva wet when it 

 is taken in the fingers. The larvae are also able to throw this fluid in a jet for a 

 distance of a foot or more ; they feed exposed ; rest curled up into a ring on the 

 upper surface of the leaf. The ability to wet their bodies and to throw out this 

 fluid in jets is undoubtedly a protection to them. 



All the larvae of the genus Caliroa so far as examined have a pair of long, 

 finger-like glands attached to the prothorax between the head and the prothoracic 

 legs (Fig. 26 ph). They are longer and larger than the legs, so that in preserved 

 specimens the larvae look as if they had four pairs of thoracic legs. These larvte 

 are leaf skeletonizers, feeding on the under surface. They feed with these glands 

 folded around the front of the head, much as one would fold their arms across 

 their face. The ventral part of the head is completely concealed, and if a feeding 

 larva is examined with a lens, it will be seen that the glands and mouth-parts are 

 enveloped in a gelatinous substance like thin cherry-gum. This substance evi- 

 dently infiuences in some way the surface of the leaf on which the insect is feeding. 

 The glands are wanting in Endelomyia and, if present in Phi eh atrophia, are not 

 exserted at all times as in Calvnoa. 



In the larvae of the CladiinEe, Hoplocampinae, and Nematinae, there is on the 

 ventral aspect of abdominal segments one to seven a single gland located on the 

 meson. The mouths of these glands are located between and slightly behind 

 the prolegs (Fig. 23). The transverse slit marking the position of the mouth is 

 elevated and is readily identified in preserved specimens even if the glands are not 

 extruded. The glands are retracted sacks like the osmateria of certain butterfly 

 larvae and are usually extruded when the larvae are killed in hot water (Figs. 20-21). 

 The extruded glands vary greatly in form from short ovate knobs to long club- 

 shaped structures three or four times as long as broad. They are heart-shaped 

 in Lygaeonematus (Fig. 23), and club-shaped in Croesus (Fig. 21). It has already 

 been noted that the larvse of the Cladiinse rest flat on the surface of the leaf, like- 

 wise certain Hoplocampinae, and a few Nematinae. All the other larvae of the 

 Hoplocampinte and Nematinae are edge feeders. They grasp the edge of the leaf 

 with the thoracic legs and rest with the abdomen stretched along its edge er 

 slightly to one side, but ordinarily not clasping the edge of the leaf with the pro- 

 legs, or with the abdomen elevated and bent in the form of a letter S. If the food 

 plant is jarred, the abdomen is thrown over until the dorsal surface of the abdomen 

 either rests upon or is close to the dorsal surface of the thorax. The placing of 

 the abdomen in this position brings the mouths of the ventral glands to the exterior 

 and to the point where attack would be expected. If an ichneumon approaches 

 such larvae, the abdomen is waved back and forth through the air. The action 



