442 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 



ently owes its establishment to Dr. William A. Hammond, in 1862. The 

 museum contained in 1888 more that 15,000 specimens, besides those 

 contained in the microscopical department. "An ideal medical museum," 

 says Dr. Billings, "should be very complete in the department of pre- 

 ventive medicine or hygiene. It is a wide field, covering, as it does, 

 air, water, food, clothing, habitations, geology, meteorology, occupations, 

 etc., in their relations to the production or prevention of disease, and 

 thus far has had little place in medical museums, being taken up as a 

 specialty in the half dozen museums of hygiene which now exist." 



William Hunter formed the great Glasgow collection between the 

 years 1770 and 1800, and John Hunter, in 1787, opened the famous 

 Hunterian Museum in London, bought by the English Government soon 

 after (1799), and now known as the Museum of the Koyal College of 

 Surgeons. 



Paris is proud of the two collections at the School of Medicine, the 

 Musee Orfila and the Musee Dupuytren, devoted, the one to normal, 

 the other to pathological anatomy. 



Ethnographic museums are especially numerous and fine in the north- 

 ern part of continental Europe. They were proposed more than half a 

 century ago by the French geographer Jomard, and the idea was first 

 carried into effect about 1840 in the establishment of the Danish Ethno- 

 graphical Museum, which long remained the best in Europe. Within 

 the past twenty years there has been an extraordinary activity in this 

 direction. 



In Germany, besides the museums in Berlin, Dresden, and Leipzic, 

 considerable collections have been founded in Hamburg and Munich. 

 Austria has in Vienna two for ethnography, the Court Museum (Hof- 

 Museum) and the Oriental (Orientalisches) Museum. Holland has 

 reorganized the National Ethnographical Museum (Rijks Ethnograph- 

 isch Museum) in Leydeu, and there are smaller collections in Amster- 

 dam, Rotterdam, and The Hague. France has founded the Trocadero 

 (Musee de Trocadero). In Italy there is the important Prehistoric 

 and Ethnographic Museum (Museo prehistorico ed etnografico) in 

 Rome, as well as the collection of the Propagando, and there are 

 museums in Florence and Venice. 



Ethnographical museums have also been founded in Christiania and 

 Stockholm, the latter of which will include the rich material collection 

 by Dr. Stolpe on the voyage of the frigate Yanadis around the world. 

 In England there is less attention to the subject — the Christy collec- 

 tion in the British Museum being the only one specially devoted to 

 ethnography, unless we include also the local Blackmore Museum at 

 Salisbury. 



In the United States the principal establishments arranged on the 

 ethnographic plan are the Peabody Museum of Archaeology in Cam- 

 bridge, and the collections in the Peabody Academy of Sciences at 

 Salem, and the American Museum of Natural History in New York. 



