EXPLANATION OF PLATE XC. 



Fig. 1. Beaming Tool. Made from the tibia of a horse. There lias been little or 

 no modification of the bone. The fibula furnishes a most excellent 

 natural edge for the tool. 



Cat. No.19891, U. S. X. M. Piute Indians, southern Utah. Collected by Maj. J. W. 

 Powell. 



Fig. 2. Graining Tool. Made of the tibia of the deer. At the middle part, where 

 the bone is hardest, it is cut in two diagonally so as to expose a square 

 edge on the posterior part. Teeth are cut in this edge to soften the skin 

 after treatment. 



Cat. No. 10894, U. S. N. M. Utes of northern Utah. C< >llected by Maj. J. W. Powell. 



Fig. 3. Graining Tool. Made of the tibia of a horse. The column cut diagonally 

 across the middle or hardest portion so as to furnish a square edge on the 

 posterior side. Very fine teeth have been made along this edge for grain- 

 ing or softening the skin. 



Cat. No. 31316, U. S. N. M. Indians of the pueblo of Isleta, New Mexico. Collected by 

 Dr. H. C. Yarrow and Lieut. George Wheeler, U. S. Army. 



Fig. 4. Graining Tool. Made of iron. An old-fashioned wagon skein, used on 

 wooden axles before iron axles were invented. The upper or inner por- 

 tion shows the holes for the rivets. Its edge is serrated for graining the 

 hide. The buckskin thong is wrapped around the forearm and serves as 

 a brace to hold the tool rigid. The shaft is covered with buckskin to 

 protect the hand. 



Cat. No. 141%. U. S. N. M. Sioux Indians, Dakota. Collected by Edward Palmer. 



